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Physical Review A

Quantum cooperative effects in a micromaser

Miguel Orszag, Ricardo Ramı́rez, J. C. Retamal, C. Saavedra

Published Apr 1, 1994• 51 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study the collective effects in the trapping states in a one-photon micromaser. We find that, for small photon numbers, the trapping states are difficult to detect experimentally due to these effects. On the other hand, for higher trapping conditions, the behavior of 〈n〉 is similar to the usual trapping states, except for the appearance of spikes and also large fluctuations of the photon number.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.49.2933

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We study the collective effects in the trapping states in a one-photon micromaser. We find that, for small photon numbers, the trapping states are difficult to detect experimentally due to these effects. On the other hand, for higher trapping conditions, the behavior of 〈n〉 is similar to the usual trapping states, except for the appearance of spikes and also large fluctuations of the photon number.
We investigate signals of trapping states in the micromaser system in terms of the average number ⟨n⟩⟨n⟩⟨n⟩ of cavity photons as well as a suitably defined correlation length of atoms leaving the cavity. In the description of collective two-atom effects we allow the mean number, ϵϵϵ, of pump atoms inside the cavity during the characteristic atomic cavity transit time to be as large as of order one. The master equation we consider, which describes the micromaser including collective two-atom effects, still exhibits trapping states for $ϵ\ensuremath{\ne}0$, even for a mean number of atoms inside the cavity close to one. We, however, argue more importantly that the trapping states are more pronounced in terms of the correlation length as compared to ⟨n⟩⟨n⟩⟨n⟩, i.e., we suggest that trapping states can be more clearly revealed experimentally in terms of the atom correlation length. For axion detection in the micromaser this observable may, therefore, be an essential ingredient.
The decay of the active atoms in micromasers is theoretically analyzed. The equations of motion for the diagonal elements of the micromaser field, which include an atomic-decay effect, have been obtained. The relation between the photon statistics and the micromaser field on the atomic decay has been studied. The effect of atomic-decay rates and average photon numbers, photon-number variances, and the photon-number distribution has been discussed. It has been shown that generation of approximate trapping states or number states requires very small atomic-decay rates and very large field-atom coupling constants.
A scheme which stabilizes the trapping states in micromasers is proposed and studied. It uses an atomic beam composed of a mixture of two types of atoms. Numerical simulations based on the Monte Carlo wave-function method show that, despite collective events, it is possible to obtain a steady-state photon number distribution limited (``trapped'') to a certain domain of the photon number space. For the one-photon trapping condition this steady state approaches a Fock state in the limit of low cavity losses.
We have investigated the steady-state cavity-field properties of a single-mode two-photon micromaser when the atoms in a cascade three-level configuration are initially prepared in a mixture of the upper and intermediate states. The mean photon number, trapping state and sub-Poissonian effect are discussed with upper (intermediate)-state population changing from 1(0) to 0(1). These properties are very different from those in a pure two- or one-photon transition process, due to the competition among different transition processes. In particular, the trapping states of nonzero photons are discovered in this system under some conditions, which is contrary to the previous findings.