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Physical Review A

Three-dimensional optical lattice clock with bosonic Sr 88 atoms

Tomoya Akatsuka, Masao Takamoto, Hidetoshi Katori

Published Feb 4, 2010• 79 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present detailed analyses of our recent experiment on the three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice clock with bosonic $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ atoms in which the collisional frequency shift was suppressed by applying a single-occupancy lattice. Frequency shifts in magnetically induced spectroscopy on the ${}^{1}{S}_{0}--{}^{3}{P}_{0}$ clock transition ($\ensuremath{\lambda}=698$ nm) of $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ were experimentally investigated by referencing a one-dimensional (1D) lattice clock based on spin-polarized $^{87}\mathrm{Sr}$ atoms. We discuss that the clock stability is limited by the current laser stability as well as the experimental sequence of the clock operation, which may be improved to ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{y}(\ensuremath{\tau})=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}/\sqrt{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ by optimizing the cycle time of the clock operation.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.81.023402

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We present detailed analyses of our recent experiment on the three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice clock with bosonic 88Sr^{88}\mathrm{Sr}88Sr atoms in which the collisional frequency shift was suppressed by applying a single-occupancy lattice. Frequency shifts in magnetically induced spectroscopy on the 1S0−−3P0{}^{1}{S}_{0}--{}^{3}{P}_{0}1S0​−−3P0​ clock transition (\ensuremathλ=698\ensuremath{\lambda}=698\ensuremathλ=698 nm) of 88Sr^{88}\mathrm{Sr}88Sr were experimentally investigated by referencing a one-dimensional (1D) lattice clock based on spin-polarized 87Sr^{87}\mathrm{Sr}87Sr atoms. We discuss that the clock stability is limited by the current laser stability as well as the experimental sequence of the clock operation, which may be improved to \ensuremathσy(\ensuremathτ)=2\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−16/\ensuremathτ{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{y}(\ensuremath{\tau})=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}/\sqrt{\ensuremath{\tau}}\ensuremathσy​(\ensuremathτ)=2\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−16/\ensuremathτ​ by optimizing the cycle time of the clock operation.
We discuss two possible configurations for optical lattice clocks; a one-dimensional (1D) lattice loaded with spinpolarized fermions, and a three-dimensional (3D) lattice loaded with bosons. In the former scheme, collisional frequency shifts are suppressed by the quantum statistical property of identical fermions. This Pauli blocking of collisions is critically dependent on the degree of spin polarization of the fermionic atoms, which we carefully investigated in the Rabi excitation process of the clock transition. In the latter scheme, a single occupancy lattice suppresses bunching of bosons and collisional frequency shifts. We demonstrate a frequency comparison of these two optical lattice clocks based on fermionic 87Sr and bosonic 88Sr. Operating these clocks parallely has yielded a stability approaching 10−17. Such measurements are an important step to ascertain the lattice clocks' uncertainty at the 10−17 level and beyond.
We consider designs of optical lattice clocks in view of the quantum statistics, relevant atomic spins, and atom-lattice interactions. The first two issues lead to two optimal constructions for the clock: a one-dimensional (1D) optical lattice loaded with spin-polarized fermions and a 3D optical lattice loaded with bosons. By taking atomic multipolar interactions with the lattice fields into account, an "atomic motion insensitive" wavelength is proposed to provide a precise definition of the "magic wavelength." We then present a frequency comparison of these two optical lattice clocks: spin-polarized fermionic 87 Sr and bosonic 88 Sr prepared in 1D and 3D optical lattices, respectively. Synchronous interrogations of these two optical lattice clocks by the same probe laser allowed canceling out its frequency noise as a common mode noise to achieve a relative stability of 3 × 10 −17 for an averaging time of τ = 350 s. The scheme, therefore, provides us with a powerful means to investigate intrinsic uncertainty of the clocks regardless of the probe laser stability. We discuss prospects of the synchronous operation of the clocks on the measurement of the geoid height difference and on the search of constancy of fundamental constants.
We present experimental results for an optical lattice clock operating on the1S0harr3P0transition in88Sr, which is excited with the technique of magnetic field-induced spectroscopy To reduce the complexity of the setup we have developed a set of new experimental techniques that greatly simplifies the clock spectroscopy in Sr atoms. First, we developed a method for finding the clock transition that removes the need for extensive frequency metrology hardware and optical frequency combs. This technique exploits a near coincidence in the atomic wavelengths of the1S0harr3P0clock and1S0harr3P1second stage cooling transitions in Sr, which are only 5 THz far apart. This coincidence enables the use of an optical (transfer) cavity to reference the frequency of the clock transition relative to that of the much stronger coolign transition Second, all laser sources in the experimental setup are based on semiconductor technology, which greatly reduces the complexity of the apparatus. With this setup, about 10488Sr atoms are trapped in a 1D lattice formed by 200 mW of radiation tuned near the magic wavelength at 813 nm. Preliminar uncertainty budget for our optical lattice clock is also presented, with particular attention to density dependent collisions, which led to an unexpectedly high signal contrast for long interaction times.
We report on recent realization of an optical lattice clock operating on the1S0-3P0transition in88Sr, at LENS laboratories. The clock transition is excited with the technique of magnetic field-induced spectroscopy. New experimental techniques has also been developed in order to simplifies the clock spectroscopy in Sr atoms. The first new method helps in the first search of the clock transition without the use of extensive frequency metrology hardware and in particular optical frequency combs. This technique exploits a near coincidence in the atomic wavelengths of the1S0-3P0clock and1S0-3P1second stage cooling transitions in Sr, which are only 5 THz far apart. This coincidence enables the use of an optical (transfer) cavity to reference the frequency of the clock transition relative to that of the much stronger cooling transition. Secondly we reduce the complexity of the experimental setup by using only semiconductor laser sources in the apparatus. With this setup, about 10488Sr atoms are trapped in a 1D lattice formed by 200 mW of radiation tuned near the magic wavelength at 813 nm. We will present a first uncertainty budget for our optical lattice clock based on88Sr with particular attention to density dependent collisions, which led to an unexpectedly high signal contrast for long interaction times. In view of an absolute frequency measurement of clock transition we'll also present recent experimental results on optimization of an home made Ti:Sa optical frequency comb. Additionally, we anticipate that the simplification of the experimental setup presented will help address a wider range of applications including those requiring transportable devices. Along these lines we will report progress on the realization of the first transportable Sr optical lattice clock.
We have quantified collisional losses, decoherence and the collision shift in a one-dimensional optical lattice clock on the highly forbidden transition (1)S(0)-(3)P(0) at 698 nm with bosonic (88)Sr. We were able to distinguish two loss channels: inelastic collisions between atoms in the upper and lower clock state and atoms in the upper clock state only. Based on the measured coefficients, we determine the operation parameters at which a 1D-lattice clock with (88)Sr shows no degradation due to collisions on the fractional uncertainty level of 10(-16).
We demonstrate a one-dimensional optical lattice clock with a spin-polarized fermionic isotope designed to realize a collision-shift-free atomic clock with neutral atom ensembles. To reduce systematic uncertainties, we developed both Zeeman shift and vector light-shift cancellation techniques. By introducing both an H-maser and a Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier phase link, the absolute frequency of the 1S0(F=9/2)−3P0(F=9/2)^1S_0(F=9/2) - {}^3P_0(F=9/2)1S0​(F=9/2)−3P0​(F=9/2) clock transition of the 87^{87}87Sr optical lattice clock is determined as 429,228,004,229,875(4) Hz, where the uncertainty is mainly limited by that of the frequency link. The result indicates that the Sr lattice clock will play an important role in the scope of the redefinition of the ``second'' by optical frequency standards.