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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Towards a gas cell frequency standard with a 10 -14 stability

Georgy A. Kazakov, I. E. Mazets, Yu. Rozhdestvensky, Igor V. Fomenko, Boris G. Matisov

Published Mar 2, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We analyze perspectives for creation of a novel, stable 87Rb-based frequency standard. Although the stability ~10-14 is challenging, achieving this goal looks ultimately possible. We considers three different all-optical repumping schemes aimed to improve the contrast of the dark resonance in thermal 87Rb vapor: excitation by a σ+ -polarized bichromatic laser radiation, and σ+ - σ- bithromatic co-propagating fields, and a novel excitation scheme with transversal laser pumping. Qualitative considerations are confirmed by numerical calculations.

DOI
10.1117/12.677955

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We analyze perspectives for creation of a novel, stable 87Rb-based frequency standard. Although the stability ~10-14 is challenging, achieving this goal looks ultimately possible. We considers three different all-optical repumping schemes aimed to improve the contrast of the dark resonance in thermal 87Rb vapor: excitation by a σ+ -polarized bichromatic laser radiation, and σ+ - σ- bithromatic co-propagating fields, and a novel excitation scheme with transversal laser pumping. Qualitative considerations are confirmed by numerical calculations.
We propose a novel method enabling to create a high-contrast dark resonance in the 87Rb vapor D2-line. The method is based on an optical pumping of atoms into the working states by a two-frequency, linearly-polarized laser radiation propagating perpendicularly to the probe field. This new scheme is compared to the traditional scheme involving the circularly-polarized probe beam only, and significant improvement of the dark resonance parameters is found. Qualitative considerations are confirmed by numerical calculations.
A new method based on optical pumping is proposed for increasing the parameters of dark resonance excitation on D 2 line in 87 Rb vapor. The pumping is provided by linearly polarized two-frequency laser radiation propagating in the direction perpendicular to the probing field directed along the cell with atomic rubidium vapor. This method significantly improves the dark resonance parameters as compared to the case of pumping by a circularly polarized field. Qualitative considerations are confirmed by the results of numerical calculations.
We investigate a novel approach to all-optical frequency standards, based on a combination of the coherent population trapping effect and signal discrimination at the maximum of absorption of the probe radiation. The physics underlying this approach is dark resonance splitting caused by interaction of the nuclear magnetic moment with an external magnetic field. Theoretically it has been shown that this approach under ideal conditions can lead to an important enhancement of the clock stability. Here we present an experimental evaluation of the scheme in view its future application in the domain of vapor-cell atomic clocks. The present results point out that high-performances short-term stability can be obtained only with a high spectral quality light source. In contrast, for our compact and low-consumption setup, the shot-noise limited short-term stability calculated is about 10-12τ-1/2, which is comparable to those presently measured for typical CPT-based atomic clocks.
This paper provides an overview of the efforts accomplished during the last few decades in the attempt of implementing a Rb-cell frequency standard using optical-microwave double resonance and laser optical pumping. The results of a new analysis based on a three-level model are summarized. Pumping rates, line widths, light shifts, cell radiation transmission and resonance signal size relative to background are calculated making use of the coherence property of the pumping laser. The expected frequency stability is calculated. The results obtained by several research groups are reviewed, compared to the analysis, and evaluated in the context of the implementation of a practical frequency standard. It is concluded that compromises must be made between the goal of obtaining a frequency stability close to the shot noise limit and that of minimizing complexity. Two directions that address such compromises are outlined.