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Chinese Physics

Autler–Townes doublet in novel sub-Doppler spectra with caesium vapour cell

Yanhua Wang, Yang Hai-Jing, Du Zhi-Jing, Tiancai Zhang, Junmin Wang

Published Jan 1, 2006• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

With a coupling laser locked to caesium 6S 1/2 F g =4–6P 3/2 F e =5 cycling transition and a co-propagating probe laser scanned across 6S 1/2 F g =4–6P 3/2 F e =3, 4 and 5 transitions, a novel scheme for sub-Doppler spectra in Doppler-broadened V-type three-level system is demonstrated by detecting the transmission of the coupling laser through a caesium vapour cell. The Autler–Townes doublet in the sub-Doppler spectra of the coupling laser is clearly observed. The effects of coupling laser intensity on the splitting and linewidth of the Autler–Townes doublet are experimentally investigated and the results agree well with theoretical predictions. Taking the multiple hyperfine levels of caesium atom into account, a brief analysis is presented.

DOI
10.1088/1009-1963/15/1/022

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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Jul 5, 2022•16 citations
With a coupling laser locked to caesium 6S 1/2 F g =4–6P 3/2 F e =5 cycling transition and a co-propagating probe laser scanned across 6S 1/2 F g =4–6P 3/2 F e =3, 4 and 5 transitions, a novel scheme for sub-Doppler spectra in Doppler-broadened V-type three-level system is demonstrated by detecting the transmission of the coupling laser through a caesium vapour cell. The Autler–Townes doublet in the sub-Doppler spectra of the coupling laser is clearly observed. The effects of coupling laser intensity on the splitting and linewidth of the Autler–Townes doublet are experimentally investigated and the results agree well with theoretical predictions. Taking the multiple hyperfine levels of caesium atom into account, a brief analysis is presented.
Some features of the optical Autler-Townes effect as observed in Doppler-broadened three-level systems, including the physical significance of the observed line splitting, the conditions for the observation of the doublet, the doublet separation and the detuning effects, are discussed in this paper. A graphical illustration of the phenomenon, based on a search for on-resonance velocity groups, is proposed which allows a complete qualitative discussion of the effect and shows that the observed doublet is not really a splitting of the resonance as for the atom at rest but rather corresponds to a frequency hole where the laser probe does not see any resonant velocity group. The method is applied to real three-level systems of neon as typical cases. A semi-classical density-matrix calculation is performed numerically and definitely confirms the results of the qualitative graphical discussion ; furthermore it shows that, for many experimental situations, the first order approximation is inadequate. The observation of the Autler-Townes doublet in a new experiment using two dye lasers is reported. The experimental results and that of one of our previous experiments are compared with the theoretical predictions ; the agreement is quite satisfactory.
We present an experimental study of Autler-Townes splitting of non-linear selective reflection spectroscopy in a A-type driven three-level system. The sub-Doppler reflection spectroscopy is observed and the Autler-Townes splitting is measured as functions of the different coupling laser intensity and detuning. The coherent drive splits the excited state into two dressed states and an Autler-Townes splitting emerges in the probe reflection. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical fit.
Theoretical analysis of the Autler-Townes splitting pattern in a three-level cascade excitation of a Doppler-broadened sample reveals that the observed Autler-Townes splitting is not only a function of the coupling-laser Rabi frequency, as in the homogeneously broadened case, but can also strongly depend on the wavenumber ratio of the coupling and probe lasers. Utilizing a steady-state density matrix formalism, we derive exact expressions for the populations of the intermediate and upper levels for a homogeneously broadened system. In the limit of a weak probe field, analytical expressions for Doppler-broadened excitation spectra from the intermediate and upper levels are derived. Using these expressions, we investigate the critical role of Doppler broadening on the observation of Autler-Townes splitting and its asymptotic behavior as a function of the coupling Rabi frequency for counterpropagating and copropagating configurations for different wavenumber ratios of the lasers.
We present an experimental study of Autler–Townes splitting of non-linear selective reflection spectroscopy in a Λ-type driven three-level system. The sub-Doppler reflection spectroscopy is observed and the Autler–Townes splitting is measured as functions of the different coupling laser intensity and detuning. The coherent drive splits the excited state into two dressed states and an Autler–Townes splitting emerges in the probe reflection. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical fit.
High-sensitivity spectroscopy of caesium's higher excited 8S 1/2 state is obtained by a coherent two-photon transition via an intermediate resonance state. The ladder-type atomic system is driven by two counter-propagating low-power diode lasers, the probe laser being tuned to the transition from the ground state to the intermediate state (6S 1/2 –6P 1/2 ), and the coupling laser to that between the intermediate and the final state (6P 1/2 –8S 1/2 ). By locking the probe laser and scanning the coupling laser, the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) peaks appear in the probe transmission when the coupling laser resonates with each of the hyperfine levels. Compared with conventional EIT, where the signal-to-noise ratio is limited by the absorptive Doppler background, here these narrow-linewidth peaks have no Doppler background. The peak centres are well determined from theoretical fits to the experimental data. To accurately measure the 8S 1/2 hyperfine structure splitting, we developed a simple method to eliminate error arising from the nonlinear frequency scanning by employing an optical waveguide phase modulator and a confocal Fabry–Perot cavity. The hyperfine structure constants of the caesium 8S 1/2 state are obtained from hyperfine structure splitting measurements. Systematic effects from the ac-Stark and Zeeman shifts are studied. The measured hyperfine magnetic dipole constant A = (219.08 ± 0.12) MHz is consistent with previous results.
Abstract We theoretically and experimentally investigate the Doppler-broadened absorption spectrum of the D2-line (52 S 1/2 → 52 P 3/2) in thermal (room-temperature) Rb vapour over a wide range of probe intensity, probe diameter, and vapour cell temperature to understand the effect of hyperfine pumping and transit-relaxation on the absorption lineshape. We present a relatively simple but comprehensive five-level rate equation model which incorporates optical pumping of the atomic population into the other ‘dark’ ground hyperfine level (leading to absorption saturation), including contributions of the three closely spaced (within one Doppler linewidth) hyperfine levels in the excited state 52 P 3/2 (allowed by the dipole transition selection rules). D2-line transmission spectra predicted by our model show excellent agreement (rms error < 5 % ) with the experimental data for a wide range of probe intensities (from ∼ 0.001 I s a t 0 all the way up to ∼ 10 I s a t 0 , where I sat0 is the usual two-level saturation intensity for the respective atomic transition), vapour cell temperatures (24.2°C–53.5 °C) and beam diameters (1/e 2 width ∼ 1 − 6 mm). Our model also takes into account the finite transit time of atoms across the probe beam cross-section, and correctly predicts the dependence of effective saturation intensity on probe diameter (up to ∼ 10 × lower saturation intensity as compared to I sat0 for few-mm beam sizes). This ab initio five-level model can thus predict accurate Doppler lineshapes for any given experimental parameter set for a linearly polarized probe without any fitting parameters, and can be easily applied to any other atomic system by an appropriate change of the atomic constants in the rate equations.