Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical Review A

Cross section and hyperfine structure of the atomic iodine ( P122−P322 ) Raman transition

Kai J. Drühl

Published Aug 1, 1982• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The cross section for anti-Stokes Raman scattering from inverted atomic iodine is calculated by a semiempirical procedure and shown to be dominated by the quadrupole component. Relative intensities for ${F}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{F}_{1}$ transitions ${F}_{2}$ and ${F}_{1}$ are the total angular momenta of the initial and final hyperfine split states) in the hyperfine split multiplets are calculated, and maximal intensity of 25% is found for the 2-4 transition. However, in stimulated Raman scattering maximal gain is expected at the position of the 3-2 line, where collisional broadening and Stark splitting lead to a strong overlap of three lines. The resulting effective cross section is about 33% of the total cross section. For scattering with pump radiation at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1.06$ \ensuremath{\mu}m an effective cross section of $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}=0.71\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}28}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ is obtained, with an estimated accuracy of 20%. This is somewhat lower than the estimate $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}={10}^{\ensuremath{-}28}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ which has been published recently.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.26.863

Related papers

Observation of Stimulated Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering in Inverted Atomic Iodine

Robert L. Carman, W. Howard Lowdermilk

Nonresonant stimulated anti-Stokes Raman scattering from an inverted population in atomic iodine has been observed. The population inversion was achieved by flash photolysis of trifluoromethyliodide. A gain of ${e}^{7}$ was measured for a laser probe pulse at the anti-Stokes wavelength passing through the inverted iodine coincident with a laser pump pulse. This result is in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

Physical Review Letters•Jul 22, 1974•30 citations

Stimulated anti-Stokes Raman scattering in inverted atomic selenium

Raymond C. Y. Auyeung, D. G. Cooper, B. J. Feldman

The generation of 145.6-nm radiation by stimulated anti-Stokes Raman scattering in inverted atomic selenium was first reported by Ludewigt et al. 1 We have performed experimental studies of this process in similar excitation conditions, which allow us to compare some of the results in the two studies. The inverted population of the selenium (4p4)1S0 metastable state relative to the (4p4)3P0 state was prepared by photodissociation of COSe vapor using broadband 193-nm radiation from an ArF excimer laser. The pump beam at 205.1 nm was generated by the first-order Stokes shift in deuterium of narrowband (0.27-cm–1), 193-nm radiation from a separate, tunable ArF laser. The pump beam was tuned near the selenium (4p4)1S0–(4p35s)3P1 intermediate resonance to generate tunable, coherent radiation at 145.6 nm. We have studied the process in a variety of experimental conditions. Factors affecting the conversion efficiency and tunability include the initial COSe pressure, the intensities and relative timing of the photolyzing and pump beams, and the presence of buffer gases. The experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations based on a recently developed three-level model2 which incorporates Doppler broadening and arbitrary decay times.

Annual Meeting Optical Society of America•Jan 1, 1989•0 citations

Raman processes

Bruce W. Shore

The traditional Raman process alluded to in Chap. 13 is a three-state sequence of transitions in which radiative excitation (induced by a pump field) is followed by spontaneous emission that produces a final state differing from the initial state [Her50b] [Sho90, § 17.5]. When the final state of the sequence is more energetic than the initial state the resulting emission line (to the red of the pump wavelength) is known as a Stokes spectral line. The difference between the pump frequency and the Stokes frequency, the Raman frequency , defines the excitation energy of the final state relative to the initial state. When, instead, the final state has lower energy than the initial state, as can occur when the initial quantum state is already excited, then the emission is an anti-Stokes line, at a bluer wavelength than the pump field. The overall Raman scattering is a two-photon process. Typically Raman spectroscopy deals with molecules; the two-photon transitions are then between vibrational-rotational states, through electronically excited intermediate states, that are characterized in part by vibrational quantum number v and rotational angular momentum quantum numbers J, M . From any given excited electronic state there are many fluorescing transitions, corresponding to various vibrational and rotational quantum numbers of the final state. The wavelengths of the various Stokes and anti-Stokes lines (i.e. the Raman frequencies) characterize the particular molecular species, and so they have provided a valuable diagnostic tool for spectroscopists.

Cambridge University Press eBooks•Sep 29, 2011•0 citations

Modification of resonance Raman scattering in very intense laser fields

Claude N. Cohen-Tannoudji, Serge Reynaud

The general method developed in a previous paper (see ibid., vol.10, p.345 (1977)) is applied to the problem of resonance Raman scattering in very intense laser fields. At very low intensities the spectrum consists of three monochromatic lines (Rayleigh, Raman Stokes and anti-Stokes) which split into a triplet and two doublets when the laser light, tuned on one of the two transitions connecting the upper state to the two lower sublevels, has a sufficiently high intensity to saturate this transition but not the second one. The Raman and Rayleigh lines are completely mixed when the intensity becomes so high that both transitions are saturated. The corresponding evolution of the spectrum is determined. Optical-pumping effects leading to asymmetries in the fluorescence spectrum are taken into account.

Journal of Physics B Atomic and Molecular Physics•Feb 21, 1977•148 citations

Resonance Scattering of Light from Atomic Hydrogen

Lewis C. Himmell, Peter R. Fontana

The angular distribution of scattered Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ photons from atomic hydrogen is calculated as a function of an applied magnetic field. The intensity of the scattered radiation is a function of the energy difference of the excited-$2P$ levels and shows an extremum at the point where two levels cross. Neglecting hyperfine structure, there are two level crossings of interest: one at 3484 G ($2{P}_{\frac{3}{2,\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}}\ensuremath{-}2{P}_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}$), and the other 5223G ($2{P}_{\frac{3}{2,\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}}\ensuremath{-}2{P}_{\frac{1}{2},\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$), respectively. The coher$\stackrel{\mathrm{\ifmmode \breve{}\else \u{}\fi{}}}{\mathrm{e}}$nt and incoherent resonance scattering is determined near these crossing points by using a Hamiltonian that includes hyperfine structure and higher-order radiative effects. In the low-field region (3484 G), the hyperfine crossings that contribute to the coherent signal are at 3476.06 and 3491.93 G, respectively. The radiative width of the levels is considerably larger than the hyperfine splittings, and the total scattering intensity has a single peak at 3483.97 G. In the high-field region (5223 G), two hyperfine levels with ${m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1$ repel each other (anticross) with a minimum energy separation of 15.3 Mc/sec at 5200.1 G. Resonances occur at 5220.6 and 5223.9 G, and the maximum of the total signal is at 5222.6 G.

Physical Review•Oct 5, 1967•9 citations

Simple method for determination of stimulated emission cross section of2P1/2(F=3)→2P3/2(F'=4) transition in atomic iodine

V. I. Babkin, S V Kuznetsova, Aleksandr I Maslov

It is shown that the stimulated emission cross section σ 3—4 of the 2 P 1/2 ( F =3)→ 2 P 3/2 ( F' =4) transition in iodine can be determined without allowance of the influence of chemical reactions on the population inversion and mixing of sublevels with the ground 2 P 3/2 and excited 2 P 1/2 states of iodine. A report is given of measurements of the σ 3—4 cross section as a function of the pressure of CF 3 I, n -C 3 F 7 I, and i -C 3 F 7 I vapors and of He, Ne, Ar, and Xe inert gases. The collisional (impact) widths of the transition profile and of the coefficients of collisional broadening by these gases are obtained. A comparison is made with the theory and with the results of published investigations.

Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics•Mar 31, 1978•6 citations
The cross section for anti-Stokes Raman scattering from inverted atomic iodine is calculated by a semiempirical procedure and shown to be dominated by the quadrupole component. Relative intensities for F2\ensuremath−F1{F}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{F}_{1}F2​\ensuremath−F1​ transitions F2{F}_{2}F2​ and F1{F}_{1}F1​ are the total angular momenta of the initial and final hyperfine split states) in the hyperfine split multiplets are calculated, and maximal intensity of 25% is found for the 2-4 transition. However, in stimulated Raman scattering maximal gain is expected at the position of the 3-2 line, where collisional broadening and Stark splitting lead to a strong overlap of three lines. The resulting effective cross section is about 33% of the total cross section. For scattering with pump radiation at \ensuremathλ=1.06\ensuremath{\lambda}=1.06\ensuremathλ=1.06 \ensuremath{\mu}m an effective cross section of d\ensuremathσd\ensuremathΩ=0.71\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−28\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}=0.71\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}28}d\ensuremathΩd\ensuremathσ​=0.71\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−28 cm2{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}cm2 is obtained, with an estimated accuracy of 20%. This is somewhat lower than the estimate d\ensuremathσd\ensuremathΩ=10\ensuremath−28\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}={10}^{\ensuremath{-}28}d\ensuremathΩd\ensuremathσ​=10\ensuremath−28 cm2{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}cm2 which has been published recently.
Nonresonant stimulated anti-Stokes Raman scattering from an inverted population in atomic iodine has been observed. The population inversion was achieved by flash photolysis of trifluoromethyliodide. A gain of e7{e}^{7}e7 was measured for a laser probe pulse at the anti-Stokes wavelength passing through the inverted iodine coincident with a laser pump pulse. This result is in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
The generation of 145.6-nm radiation by stimulated anti-Stokes Raman scattering in inverted atomic selenium was first reported by Ludewigt et al. 1 We have performed experimental studies of this process in similar excitation conditions, which allow us to compare some of the results in the two studies. The inverted population of the selenium (4p4)1S0 metastable state relative to the (4p4)3P0 state was prepared by photodissociation of COSe vapor using broadband 193-nm radiation from an ArF excimer laser. The pump beam at 205.1 nm was generated by the first-order Stokes shift in deuterium of narrowband (0.27-cm–1), 193-nm radiation from a separate, tunable ArF laser. The pump beam was tuned near the selenium (4p4)1S0–(4p35s)3P1 intermediate resonance to generate tunable, coherent radiation at 145.6 nm. We have studied the process in a variety of experimental conditions. Factors affecting the conversion efficiency and tunability include the initial COSe pressure, the intensities and relative timing of the photolyzing and pump beams, and the presence of buffer gases. The experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations based on a recently developed three-level model2 which incorporates Doppler broadening and arbitrary decay times.
The traditional Raman process alluded to in Chap. 13 is a three-state sequence of transitions in which radiative excitation (induced by a pump field) is followed by spontaneous emission that produces a final state differing from the initial state [Her50b] [Sho90, § 17.5]. When the final state of the sequence is more energetic than the initial state the resulting emission line (to the red of the pump wavelength) is known as a Stokes spectral line. The difference between the pump frequency and the Stokes frequency, the Raman frequency , defines the excitation energy of the final state relative to the initial state. When, instead, the final state has lower energy than the initial state, as can occur when the initial quantum state is already excited, then the emission is an anti-Stokes line, at a bluer wavelength than the pump field. The overall Raman scattering is a two-photon process. Typically Raman spectroscopy deals with molecules; the two-photon transitions are then between vibrational-rotational states, through electronically excited intermediate states, that are characterized in part by vibrational quantum number v and rotational angular momentum quantum numbers J, M . From any given excited electronic state there are many fluorescing transitions, corresponding to various vibrational and rotational quantum numbers of the final state. The wavelengths of the various Stokes and anti-Stokes lines (i.e. the Raman frequencies) characterize the particular molecular species, and so they have provided a valuable diagnostic tool for spectroscopists.
The general method developed in a previous paper (see ibid., vol.10, p.345 (1977)) is applied to the problem of resonance Raman scattering in very intense laser fields. At very low intensities the spectrum consists of three monochromatic lines (Rayleigh, Raman Stokes and anti-Stokes) which split into a triplet and two doublets when the laser light, tuned on one of the two transitions connecting the upper state to the two lower sublevels, has a sufficiently high intensity to saturate this transition but not the second one. The Raman and Rayleigh lines are completely mixed when the intensity becomes so high that both transitions are saturated. The corresponding evolution of the spectrum is determined. Optical-pumping effects leading to asymmetries in the fluorescence spectrum are taken into account.
The angular distribution of scattered Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ photons from atomic hydrogen is calculated as a function of an applied magnetic field. The intensity of the scattered radiation is a function of the energy difference of the excited-2P2P2P levels and shows an extremum at the point where two levels cross. Neglecting hyperfine structure, there are two level crossings of interest: one at 3484 G ($2{P}_{\frac{3}{2,\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}}\ensuremath{-}2{P}_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}$), and the other 5223G ($2{P}_{\frac{3}{2,\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}}\ensuremath{-}2{P}_{\frac{1}{2},\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$), respectively. The coher$\stackrel{\mathrm{\ifmmode \breve{}\else \u{}\fi{}}}{\mathrm{e}}$nt and incoherent resonance scattering is determined near these crossing points by using a Hamiltonian that includes hyperfine structure and higher-order radiative effects. In the low-field region (3484 G), the hyperfine crossings that contribute to the coherent signal are at 3476.06 and 3491.93 G, respectively. The radiative width of the levels is considerably larger than the hyperfine splittings, and the total scattering intensity has a single peak at 3483.97 G. In the high-field region (5223 G), two hyperfine levels with ${m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1$ repel each other (anticross) with a minimum energy separation of 15.3 Mc/sec at 5200.1 G. Resonances occur at 5220.6 and 5223.9 G, and the maximum of the total signal is at 5222.6 G.
It is shown that the stimulated emission cross section σ 3—4 of the 2 P 1/2 ( F =3)→ 2 P 3/2 ( F' =4) transition in iodine can be determined without allowance of the influence of chemical reactions on the population inversion and mixing of sublevels with the ground 2 P 3/2 and excited 2 P 1/2 states of iodine. A report is given of measurements of the σ 3—4 cross section as a function of the pressure of CF 3 I, n -C 3 F 7 I, and i -C 3 F 7 I vapors and of He, Ne, Ar, and Xe inert gases. The collisional (impact) widths of the transition profile and of the coefficients of collisional broadening by these gases are obtained. A comparison is made with the theory and with the results of published investigations.