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Physical Review A

Experimental consequences of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm-Bell gedanken experiment

M. Ardehali

Published Mar 1, 1993• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is demonstrated that the conjunction of the premises of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paper with a supplementary assumption lead to validity of an inequality that is sometimes grossly violated by the quantum-mechanical probabilities in the case of real experiments. The supplementary assumption is as follows: For every photon in the state \ensuremath{\lambda}, the sum of the detection probabilities in the ordinary and in the extraordinary beams emerging from a two-way polarizer is less than or equal to the detection probability with the polarizer removed. This assumption, which always holds for an ensemble of photons, is weaker and more general than the assumption of Garuccio and Rapisarda [Nuovo Cimento A 65, 269 (1981)] and the assumption of Clauser and Horne [Phys. Rev. D 10, 526 (1974)]. Hence an experiment based on this assumption refutes a larger family of hidden-variable series than an experiment based on the assumption of Garuccio and Rapisardo or on the assumption of Clauser and Horne.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.47.1633

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It is demonstrated that the conjunction of the premises of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paper with a supplementary assumption lead to validity of an inequality that is sometimes grossly violated by the quantum-mechanical probabilities in the case of real experiments. The supplementary assumption is as follows: For every photon in the state \ensuremath{\lambda}, the sum of the detection probabilities in the ordinary and in the extraordinary beams emerging from a two-way polarizer is less than or equal to the detection probability with the polarizer removed. This assumption, which always holds for an ensemble of photons, is weaker and more general than the assumption of Garuccio and Rapisarda [Nuovo Cimento A 65, 269 (1981)] and the assumption of Clauser and Horne [Phys. Rev. D 10, 526 (1974)]. Hence an experiment based on this assumption refutes a larger family of hidden-variable series than an experiment based on the assumption of Garuccio and Rapisardo or on the assumption of Clauser and Horne.
Bell's theorem of 1965 is a proof that all realistic interpretations of quantum mechanics must be non-local. Bell's theorem consists of two parts: first a correlation inequality is derived that must be satisfied by all local realistic theories; second it is demonstrated that quantum mechanical probabilities violate this inequality in certain cases. In the case of ideal experiments, Bell's theorem has been proven. However, in the case of real experiments where polarizers and detectors are non-ideal, the theorem has not yet been proven since the proof always requires some arbitrary and {\em ad hoc} supplementary assumptions. In this paper, we state a new and rather weak supplementary assumption for the ensemble of photons that emerge from the polarizers, and we show that the conjunction of Einstein's locality with this assumption leads to validity of an inequality that is violated by a factor as large as 1.5 in the case of real experiments. Moreover, the present supplementary assumption is considerably weaker and more general than Clauser, Horne, Shimony, Holt supplementary assumption.
Einstein's locality is invoked to derive a correlation inequality. In the case of ideal experiments, this inequality is equivalent to Bell's original inequality of 1965 which, as is well known, is violated by a maximum factor of 1.5. The crucial point is that even in the case of real experiments where polarizers and detectors are non-ideal, the present inequality is violated by a factor of 1.5, whereas previous inequalities such as Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality of 1969 and Clauser-Horne inequality of 1974 are violated by a factor of 2\sqrt 22​. The larger magnitude of violation can be of importance for the experimental test of locality. Moreover, the supplementary assumption used to derive this inequality is weaker than Garuccio-Rapisarda assumption. Thus an experiment based on this inequality refutes a larger family of hidden variable theories than an experiment based on Garuccio-Rapisarda inequality.
As a criterion between quantum mechanics and local hidden-variable theories, the so-called Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox is mainly tested in the form of the statistical correlation between polarizations of photons issuing from a cascade transition. It has been stated more than once that an improved form of the test would make use of polarizers, the orientation of which would change randomly in a time comparable with the time of flight of the two photons; the Bell locality assumption could then be replaced by a weaker assumption also considered by Bell: The Einstein principle of separability. However, to our knowledge, no workable experimental scheme has yet been proposed, and we believe the one described in this paper to be a workable one. After explaining the difference between the Bell locality assumption and the Einstein principle of separability, we briefly discuss the theoretical implications of the modified experiment. The overall scheme of the apparatus we are proposing is described, and the generalized Bell inequalities, modified for our case, are derived. As in previous experiments, supplementary assumptions are made in order to derive experimentally testable inequalities. Finally, we describe the device we intend to use to carry out the proposed scheme.
The Bell and the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequalities are shown to hold for both the cases of complex and real analytic nonlocality in the setting parameters of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm experiments for spin 1/2 particles and photons, in both the deterministic and stochastic cases. Therefore, the theoretical and experimental violation of the inequalities by quantum mechanics excludes all hidden variables theories with that kind of nonlocality. In particular, real analyticity leads to negative definite correlations, in contradiction with quantum mechanics.
The violation of Bell's inequalities in Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments has been demonstrated for photons and ions. In all experiments of this kind the relation between visibility, efficiency, and Bell violation is generally unknown. In this paper we show that simulations based on a local hidden variables models for entangled photons provide this information. It is established that these properties are closely related by the way, in which photons are detected after a polarizer beam splitter. On this basis we suggest controlled experiments which, for the first time, subject the superposition principle to experimental tests.