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Chinese Physics

Influence of the randomly varying domain length of quasi-phase-matched crystals on quadrature squeezing performance

Yongmin Li, Wu Ying-Rui, Kuanshou Zhang, Changde Xie, Kunchi Peng

Published Jul 31, 2002• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

During the fabrication of quasi-phase-matched (QPM) devices, errors of periodic structure are usually inevitable. The errors result in the deviation of the actual periodic domain length from the theoretical value. In this paper, we numerically analyse the influence of errors on the quadrature squeezing performance of a degenerate optical parametric amplifier consisting of QPM devices. It is shown that errors significantly degrade the squeezing degree of the quadrature squeezed light. Due to the presence of the errors, the relative phase between the signal and the pump field for obtaining the maximum squeezing depends on the propagation distance of light in the crystal and the pump power.

DOI
10.1088/1009-1963/11/8/307

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•Jan 1, 1996•0 citations
During the fabrication of quasi-phase-matched (QPM) devices, errors of periodic structure are usually inevitable. The errors result in the deviation of the actual periodic domain length from the theoretical value. In this paper, we numerically analyse the influence of errors on the quadrature squeezing performance of a degenerate optical parametric amplifier consisting of QPM devices. It is shown that errors significantly degrade the squeezing degree of the quadrature squeezed light. Due to the presence of the errors, the relative phase between the signal and the pump field for obtaining the maximum squeezing depends on the propagation distance of light in the crystal and the pump power.
During the fabrication of quasi-phase-matched(QPM) devices,errors of periodic structure are usually inevitable.The errors result in the deviation of the actual periodic domain length from the theoretical value.In this paper,we numerically analyse the influence of errors on the quadrature squeezing performance of a degenerate optical parametric amplifier consisting of QPM devices.It is shown that errors significantly degrade the squeezing degree of the quadrature squeezed light.Due to the presence of the errors,the relative phase between the signal and the pump field for obtaining the maximum squezing depends on the propagation distance of light in the crystal and the pump power.
A quasi- phase-matched optical parametric oscillator(QPM OPO)consisting of a periodically poled LiNbO3(PPLN) crystal is pumped by an all-solid state single frequency Nd:YVO4 laser. The triple resonance of the pump mode and two subharmonic modes with near- degenerate frequencies are experimentally demonstrated by means of precision temperature control of the crystal. The threshold pump power is only 1.2mW. The quadrature phase noise squeezing of the pump field reflected from the OPO up to 1.1dB is observed at the pump power of 2.8 times of the oscillation threshold. The numerically calculated result is in good agreement with the experimentally measured data.
Amplitude squeezing of the second-harmonic generation in periodically poled quasi-phase-matched devices is analyzed with consideration for errors of the domain length. We show that the amount of squeezing is a complex function of the phase mismatch and of the input power and that it is practically impossible to maintain the perfect quasi-phase matching for an arbitrary input power. For evaluation of the availability of squeezing, we propose a contour map of squeezing that can visualize the tolerance of squeezing for the phase mismatch. It is shown that the effect of domain length error depends on the type of the error; the random duty-cycle error, where the mean domain period is precisely fixed, does not alter the squeezing performance, whereas the random period error, which fluctuates during the domain period, severely alters tuning characteristics. The available amount of squeezing is predicted to be determined by the tuning stability of the device.
Nonlinear optical waveguides hold promise as parametric amplifiers and as sources of quadrature-squeezed light. The confinement of the pump field drastically increases the efficiency of the nonlinear conversion. In addition, the control of the spatial mode profiles by the waveguide geometry should diminish the effect of gain-induced diffraction, which has been seen to limit the amount of attainable squeezing in bulk parametric crystals.1 Using subpicosecond laser pulses, we have observed parametric gain as well as quadrature squeezing in a quasi-phase matched KTP waveguide.
Although noiseless optical amplification has been demonstrated in bulk KTP crystals, and is well understood, there have been no observations of noiseless optical amplification in bulk quasi-phase-matched (QPM) systems. That such an amplifier is possible was predicted recently and indeed squeezing has already been observed in QPM waveguides (using KTP and LiNbO3). QPM materials are attractive for use in quantum-optical devices because they give access to certain (large) components of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor that cannot be used in conventional birefringent phase-matching schemes. They also extend the range of materials accessible for use in parametric amplifiers to include some low-birefringence crystals exhibiting large nonlinearities. Even with the technological advantages offered by certain QPM crystals, efforts to find practical applications for optical parametric amplifiers are hampered by the need for enormous pump-field strengths. The obvious solution to the problem of the pump-field requirement is to confine the incident energy to a narrow interaction region thereby increasing the energy density. However, this approach can only be realised at the expense of sacrificing the homogeneity of the parametric interaction between pump and signal waves. This in turn causes vacuum field fluctuations from parasitic modes to be mixed into the signal mode thereby degrading the signal to noise ratio and negating the advantage of using an optical parametric amplifier. In the experiments presented here, optical signals have been amplified with up to 9dB of gain, yet with a noise figure (NF) of only 1.09, as compared to the minimum possible NF of a classical amplifier with the same gain which would equal 1.86. Furthermore, the interaction is achieved with tightly focused incident fields in a sample of bulk QPM lithium niobate. The entire interaction region is only 200µm thick and 2.8mm long. This performance was achieved with the aid of a theoretical model m which the effect of wavefront curvature and mode distortion are treated within a quantised mode framework using a spatial mode basis. Such a simulation permits the fundamental origin of the excess quantum noise to be easily traced to zero-point fluctuations of high-order spatial modes which couple to the signal mode via the parametric interaction. Furthermore the simulation enabled an experimental geometry to be selected in which an optimal compromise is made between wavefront matching bump beam smaller than signal) and pump-homogeneity (pump larger than signal), so that the overall noise figure remains well into the quantum-performance region.