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Optics Express

Direct measurement of tunable optical delays on chip analogue to electromagnetically induced transparency

Qianfan Xu, Jagat Shakya, Michal F. Lipson

Published Jan 1, 2006• 97 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Direct time-domain measurement of tunable optical delay in a silicon resonating structure is presented. The structure is composed by a double-ring resonator, whose spectrum has a narrow transparency peak with low group velocity analogous to that in electromagnetically induced transparency. Effective group indices from 90 to 290 are obtained by tuning the resonator thermally. The measurements agree well with the theoretical analysis.

DOI
10.1364/oe.14.006463

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Direct time-domain measurement of tunable optical delay in a silicon resonating structure is presented. The structure is composed by a double-ring resonator, whose spectrum has a narrow transparency peak with low group velocity analogous to that in electromagnetically induced transparency. Effective group indices from 90 to 290 are obtained by tuning the resonator thermally. The measurements agree well with the theoretical analysis.
Tunable on-chip optical delay has long been a key target for the research community, as it is the enabling technology behind delay lines, signal retiming and other applications vital to optical signal processing. To date, the field has been limited by high optical losses associated with slow light or delay structures. Here, we present a novel tunable delay line, based on a coupled cavity system exhibiting an electromagnetically induced transparency-like transmission spectrum, with record low loss, around 15 dB/ns. By tuning a single cavity, the delay of the complete structure can be tuned over 120 ps, with the maximum delay approaching 300 ps.
We theoretically analyze the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like spectrum in the Eye-like resonator configuration. The EIT-like spectrum results from the interference between the inner ring and the outer ring. In this paper, we obtain a tunable group delay and bandwidth of the transparency window through changing the coupling coefficients and the attenuation factors of the inner and the outer ring. The tunable group delay and the bandwidth will have potential application in optical switching or tunable delay lines and tunable bandwidth filter.
We comprehensively simulate and experimentally demonstrate a novel approach to generate tunable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a fully integrated silicon photonics circuit. It can also generate tunable fast and slow light. The circuit is a single ring resonator with two integrated tunable reflectors inside, which form an embedded Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity inside the ring cavity. The mode of the FP cavity can be controlled by tuning the reflections using integrated thermo-optic tuners. Under correct tuning conditions, the interaction of the FP mode and the ring resonance mode will generate a Fano resonance and an EIT response. The extinction ratio and bandwidth of the EIT can be tuned by controlling the reflectors. Measured group delay proves that both fast light and slow light can be generated under different tuning conditions. A maximum group delay of 1100 ps is observed because of EIT. Pulse advance around 1200 ps is also demonstrated.
The analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency in optical methods has shown great potential in slow light and sensing applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrated a coupled resonator induced transparency system with three cascaded ring coupled resonators in a silicon chip. The structure was modeled by using the transfer matrix method. Influences of various parameters including coupling ratio of couplers, waveguide loss and additional loss of couplers on transmission characteristic and group index have been investigated theoretically and numerically in detail. The transmission character of the system was measured by the vertical grating coupling method. The enhanced quality factor reached 1.22 × 10⁵. In addition, we further test the temperature performance of the device. The results provide a new method for the manipulation of light in highly integrated optical circuits and sensing applications.