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Physics-Uspekhi

Quantum nonlocality and the absence of a priori values for measurable quantities in experiments with photons

Aleksandr V. Belinskii

Published Aug 31, 2003• 35 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This article describes real and gedanken experiments where one can observe unusual space-time behavior of elementary particles.
DOI
10.1070/pu2003v046n08abeh001393

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We study a generalization of the original Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen thought experiment. It is essentially a delayed choice experiment as applied to entangled particles. The basic idea is: given two observers sharing position-momentum entangled photons, one party chooses whether she measures position or momentum of her photons after the particles leave the source. The other party should infer her action by checking for the absence or presence of characteristic interference patterns after subjecting his particles to certain optical pre-processing. An occurance of apparent signaling is attributed to the difficulty in treating single photons simultaneously at a quantum mechanical and quantum electrodynamic level, as required by the experiment, and points to the need for a careful study of an aspect of the foundations of quantum mechanics and electrodynamics.

arXiv:quant-ph/0101022•Jan 4, 2001•0 citations
The peculiarities of the behavior of photons in various experimental situations are considered. Variants of double-beam interference of a single photon and the possibility of forming a standing wave by this photon are analyzed; three-beam interference is also discussed. The effects observed in this case prove the absence of particular values of the measured quantities up to the moment of measurement; in the latter case, the number of photons in the field does not a priori have a certain value, in spite of the fact that the system is in the energy state. An experiment is also considered that proves the absence of a certain phase and the phase difference of photons in the Fock state, which makes it possible to treat different types of theories of hidden parameters, including nonlocal ones, more critically.
Specific features of the behavior of quantum particles in different experimental situations are considered. The variants of two-beam interference of single photon and other quantum particles, as well as their ability to form “standing” and “progressive” waves with the interference minima, i.e., “dead” zones in the propagation path, are studied. We also consider some type of quantum particle teleportation in an unconventional understanding of this word, where elementary particles overcome regions of the space where they cannot be, or rather the borders where the probability of finding them is zero. At these boundaries there is no pulse impact of particles on anything, it is as if they are unobservable. When observing three-beam interference, it turns out that all three modes should be present simultaneously in the light field prior to photodetection. If each mode involves a photon, it contradicts the energy conservation law, it is indicative of the fact that the observed quantity (number of photons in the field) has no any particular value prior to the measurement (a priori) unless the quantum system is in the eigen state of a measured value (Fock state).
We study a generalization of the original Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen thought experiment. It is essentially a delayed choice experiment as applied to entangled particles. The basic idea is: given two observers sharing position-momentum entangled photons, one party chooses whether she measures position or momentum of her photons after the particles leave the source. The other party should infer her action by checking for the absence or presence of characteristic interference patterns after subjecting his particles to certain optical pre-processing. An occurance of apparent signaling is attributed to the difficulty in treating single photons simultaneously at a quantum mechanical and quantum electrodynamic level, as required by the experiment, and points to the need for a careful study of an aspect of the foundations of quantum mechanics and electrodynamics.