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Optics Letters

Experimental evidence for collision-induced superradiance

A. Crubellier, Sylvain Liberman, Didier Mayou, P. Pillet

Published Feb 1, 1983• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An experiment performed on barium atoms has permitted us to observe an infrared emission whose spectral and temporal analysis has led us to identify it with collision-induced superradiance. Tentative theoretical interpretation is given in the dressed-atom formalism using the monochromatic approximation.
DOI
10.1364/ol.8.000105

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This article reviews the present status of superradiance in atoms and molecules. The introductory section describes the important physical properties of superradiant emission, and presents the important experimental features. A simple theoretical formulation, based on the coupled Maxwell-Schrödinger equations, is described. Simple expressions for observable output parameters are given, valid in experimentally relevant regimes. These results are compared with superradiance experiments performed at a wide range of wavelengths in numerous laboratories since 1973. While the principal features of superradiance are generally agreed upon, details of the initiation of the radiation process and of the observed ringing are still under study.
The interaction of an ensemble of atoms with common vacuum modes may lead to an enhanced emission into these modes. This phenomenon, known as superradiance, highlights the coherent nature of spontaneous emission, resulting in macroscopic entangled states in mundane situations. The complexity of the typical observations of superradiance, however, masks its quantum nature, allowing alternative classical interpretations. Here we stress how this picture changed with the implementation ten years ago of a new process for single-photon generation from atomic ensembles. We present then the last piece of evidence for the superradiant nature of such a process, reporting the observation of an accelerated emission of the photon with a rate that may be tuned by controllably changing the number of atoms in the ensemble. We hope such an investigation will help open up a new bottom-up approach to the study of superradiance.
Modern resonance spectroscopic experiments on the measurement of transition frequencies in atoms have reached a level where a meticulous description of all aspects of the studied processes has become obligatory. The precision achieved has led to the fact that the determination of the transition frequency on the basis of measured data is substantially refined by theoretical treatment of the observed spectral line profile. Thus, a large impact of effects arising beyond the resonance approximation, in particular due to the effect of quantum interference, is found experimentally. We show that the picture becomes even more complicated when the observed spectral line profile is ``identified'' with one of the processes---emission or absorption. An accurate determination of the transition frequency requires a description of the absorption line profile inseparable from the emission process, and vice versa. The theoretical aspects discussed in this paper create prerequisites for more accurate experiments.
For pt.I see ibid., vol.22, no.10, p.1691-704 (1989). The kinetic processes of a laser-pumped barium vapour are analysed by the adjustment of model calculations to various experimental data. The authors consider temporally resolved measurements of population densities of low-lying Ba states, the ionisation, and the stimulated infrared emission. Furthermore, the radiative transfer laterally out of the vapour column and the transmitted fraction of the laser pulse are investigated. In the analysis of the laser pulse are investigated. In the analysis of the relevant processes, emphasis is laid on the population transfer from the pumped state to lower-lying states and on a detailed description of the ionisation mechanism. The connection of experimental data with model calculations makes it possible for the first time to determine a number of collisional cross sections for the inelastic scattering of electrons, rare-gas atoms and barium atoms with excited barium atoms.