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Science

The Super of Superradiance

Marlan O. Scully, Anatoly A. Svidzinsky

Published Sep 17, 2009• 287 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Cooperative single-photon emission from an atom ensemble will provide insights into quantum electrodynamics and applications in quantum communication.
DOI
10.1126/science.1176695

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Superradiance is one of the many fascinating phenomena predicted by quantum electrodynamics that have first been experimentally demonstrated in atomic systems and more recently in condensed matter systems like quantum dots, superconducting q-bits, cyclotron transitions and plasma oscillations in quantum wells (QWs). It occurs when a dense collection of N identical two-level emitters are phased via the exchange of photons, giving rise to enhanced light-matter interaction, hence to a faster emission rate. Of great interest is the regime where the ensemble interacts with one photon only and therefore all of the atoms, but one, are in the ground state. In this case the quantum superposition of all possible configurations produces a symmetric state that decays radiatively with a rate N times larger than that of the individual oscillators. This phenomenon, called single photon superradiance, results from the exchange of real photons among the N emitters. Yet, to single photon superradiance is also associated another collective effect that renormalizes the emission frequency, known as cooperative Lamb shift. In this work, we show that single photon superradiance and cooperative Lamb shift can be engineered in a semiconductor device by coupling spatially separated plasma resonances arising from the collective motion of confined electrons in QWs. These resonances hold a giant dipole along the growth direction z and have no mutual Coulomb coupling. They thus behave as a collection of macro-atoms on different positions along the z axis. Our device is therefore a test bench to simulate the low excitation regime of quantum electrodynamics.
Superradiance, the cooperative spontaneous emission of photons from an ensemble of identical atoms, provides valuable insights into the many-body physics of photons and atoms. We show that an ensemble of resonant atoms embedded in the center of a planar cavity can be collectively excited by synchrotron radiation into a purely superradiant state. The collective coupling of the atoms via the radiation field leads to a substantial radiative shift of the transition energy, the collective Lamb shift. We simultaneously measured the temporal evolution of the superradiant decay and the collective Lamb shift of resonant 57Fe nuclei excited with 14.4-kilo-electron volt synchrotron radiation. Our experimental technique provides a simple method for spectroscopic analysis of the superradiant emission.
As a manifestation of cooperative interactions between a single photon and a cluster of atoms, single-photon superradiance has attracted considerable attention recently but has been studied insofar as that only quantum emitters are involved in the superradiance process. Here we expand the scope of investigation to study single-photon superradiance in a waveguide-quantum-electrodynamical system containing whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) resonators which are essential for many nanophotonic devices. It is shown analytically and numerically that single-photon superradiance can also occur when WGM resonators are present. The criteria for the emergence of the superradiant emission peak and the enhanced atom-light coupling strength are derived. Finally, the general case of a cascade of WGM resonators is investigated by a renormalization approach. Single-photon frequency comb generation is demonstrated via a frequency-modulated superradiant effective atom in chiral waveguide-quantum-electrodynamical systems with WGM resonators.