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The European Physical Journal B

Two-state system coupled to a boson mode: Quantum dynamics and classical approximations

R. Graham, M. H�hnerbach

Published Sep 1, 1984• 176 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/bf01318416

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The Tavis-Cummings model (the Dicke model treated in the rotating-wave approximation), describing many two-level systems coupled to a single bosonic mode, has been long known to show collective semiclassical oscillations when prepared in an inverted state, with all two-level systems excited and the bosonic mode is empty. This paper discusses how the quantum dynamics approaches this semiclassical result for large numbers of two-level systems, focusing on how the eigenvalues approach their semiclassical limit. The approach to the semiclassical result is found to be slow, scaling like a power of the logarithm of the system size. Considering also the effect of weak detuning between the two-level system and the bosonic field, quantum corrections are again found to decay slowly with system size, such that for a fixed detuning, the quantum effects of detuning are greater than the classical effect.
The Hamiltonian of a two-level system coupled to a boson mode is transformed to Bargmann's Hilbert space of analytical functions. The quantum dynamics is calculated with a suitable choice of a complete set of orthonormal functions in Bargmann space. A semiclassical approximation which is formulated as a dynamical Hamiltonian system is compared with the quantum dynamics. For the parameters under consideration, semiclassical dynamics is not at all appropriate to approximate the quantum dynamics. These parameters are suited to view the system as a two-site model of small-polaron dynamics.
We generalize the variational approach proposed by Chen, Zhang, and Wu [Phys. Rev. B 40, 11 326 (1989)] to the ground state of a two-level system coupled to a single boson mode. The resulting displaced-squeezed state is compared to the true ground state (calculated numerically), and to further variational states, by computing energy differences and overlaps. These states are able to describe a bifurcation occurring in the ground state of the quantum system as well as in the equilibrium state of its classical limit, and they are excellent approximations to the true ground state.