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Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences Physics

Generation of narrow-band correlated photon pairs by spontaneous down conversion in a cavity

Латыпов Ильнур Зиннурович, Alexander A. Kalinkin, A. V. Shkalikov, А. А. Калачев, В. В. Самарцев

Published Dec 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The problem of generating a narrow-band biphoton field during spontaneous parametric down conversion of light in a quadratic nonlinear medium in a cavity is discussed. It is shown that, in the case of double resonance (for signal and idle fields), the form of the single-photon wave packet is biexponential and has a half-width determined by the photon life time in the cavity. An experiment is carried out on the generation of narrow-band biphotons in a crystal of lithium iodine with I-type matching in a frequency degenerate collinear regime. The second-order correlation function of the cavity-enhanced biphotons is measured using the electric nanosecond time delay line.

DOI
10.3103/s1062873809120259

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The problem of generating a narrow-band biphoton field during spontaneous parametric down conversion of light in a quadratic nonlinear medium in a cavity is discussed. It is shown that, in the case of double resonance (for signal and idle fields), the form of the single-photon wave packet is biexponential and has a half-width determined by the photon life time in the cavity. An experiment is carried out on the generation of narrow-band biphotons in a crystal of lithium iodine with I-type matching in a frequency degenerate collinear regime. The second-order correlation function of the cavity-enhanced biphotons is measured using the electric nanosecond time delay line.
We present a quantum-theoretical treatment of biphoton generation in single-resonant type-II parametric down-conversion. The nonlinear medium is continuously pumped and is placed inside a cavity which is resonant for the signal field, but nonresonant for the idler deflected by an intracavity polarizing beam splitter. The intensity of the classical pump is assumed to be sufficiently low in order to yield a biphoton production rate that is small compared to the cavity loss rate. Explicit expressions are derived for the rate of biphoton generation and for the biphoton wave function. The output spectra of the signal and idler field are determined, as well as the second-order signal-idler cross-correlation function which is shown to be asymmetric with respect to the time delay. Due to frequency entanglement in the signal-idler photon pair, the idler spectrum is found to reveal the longitudinal mode structure of the cavity, even though the idler field is not resonant.
This paper presents an experiment on single-photon spectrum generation using an optical parametric oscillator device with cavity-enhanced parametric down-conversion. A PPKTP crystal inside a cavity far below threshold is pumped in order to create signal-idler photon pairs. Triple-resonance of pump, signal, and idler fields are achieved using a compensating KTP crystal. Long-term stability, ultra-high brightness (14000 biphotons/s per mW), and MHz signal bandwidth behind a single-mode fiber on the cesium D1 line (894.3 nm) are attained by locking the cavity length of the pump via the Hansch-Couillaud method. The spectral width of the parametric fluorescence is also derived using the signal-to-idler cross-correlation measurements, and has been found to be < 3 MHz.
A theory of spontaneous parametric downconversion in a nonlinear crystal that is placed inside a microcavity in the degenerate, collinear, type I arrangement is given. Both atom and field variables are fully quantized. The photon-correlation function for the entangled photon pairs produced has a much longer correlation time (~0.4 ns) than that without the cavity (of the order of subpicoseconds) and can be measured directly with fast photodetectors. We also calculate the resonant suppression and enhancement in the photon-pair count rate as a function of cavity length. The results are in qualitative agreement with recent downconversion experiments [Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2556 (1999)] in a 4.5-mm cavity.
Cavity-assisted spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) and spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in nonlinear optical materials are practical and versatile methods to generate narrowband time-energy entangled photon pairs. Time-energy entangled photons with tailored spectro-temporal properties are particularly useful for efficient quantum optical interfaces. In this work we study the generation of photon pairs in cavity-assisted SPDC and SFWM for the general case of off-resonant conversion, namely, when the frequencies of the generated photons do not match the cavity resonances. Such a frequency mismatch in particular depends on temperature and requires an additional control in the experiment. First, we propose a generic model, for description of cavity-assisted SPDC and SFWM. We show that in both processes the mismatch reduces the generation rate of photons, distorts the spectrum and the auto-correlation function of the generated fields, as well as affects the photon generation dynamics. Second, we verify the results experimentally using parametric generation of photon pairs in a nonlinear whispering gallery mode resonator (WGMR) as an experimental platform with controlled frequency mismatch. Our work reveals the role of the frequency mismatch in the photon generation process and shows a way to control it. Obtained results constitute one more step in the direction of full control over the spectro-temporal properties of entangled photon pairs and the heralded generation of single-photon pulses with a tailored temporal mode.