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Physics Letters A

Time-dependent modulation of the probability amplitude of single photons

Ulrich Hauser, Wolfgang Neuwirth, N Thesen

Published Aug 1, 1974• 18 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/0375-9601(74)90667-7

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This study investigates three-photon interference dynamics in a six-port Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (6p-MZI), focusing on the quantum interference characteristics of photon state distributions under varying phase conditions. By introducing a phase modulator to manipulate photon distinguishability through phase shifts, we demonstrate significant modulation of output photon state probabilities. The analysis reveals multiple interference patterns, including even photon distribution across output ports, photon coalescence at a single port, and partial photon distributions. The probability amplitudes exhibit distinct phase dependencies, with 100% probability for even distribution at ±2mπ, approximately 30% peak probability for single-port coalescence at (2/3+m)π and (4/3+m)π, and sinusoidal interference fringes for two-photon same-port detection. These findings provide strong evidence of wave-like behavior in three-photon quantum systems and contribute to a deeper understanding of multi-photon interference. The strong phase sensitivity of three-photon interference in the 6p-MZI system highlights its potential applications in quantum metrology and photonic quantum technologies.
The dynamic control of single-photon scattering in a pair of one-dimensional waveguides mediated by a time-modulated atom–cavity system is investigated. Two cases, where the waveguides are coupled symmetrically or asymmetrically to the atom–cavity system, are discussed in detail. The results show that such time-modulated atom–cavity configuration can behave as a dynamical tunable directional single-photon router. The photons with different frequencies can dynamically be routed from the incident waveguide into any ports of the other with a 100% probability via adjusting the modulated amplitude or phases of the time-modulated atom–cavity coupling strengths, associate with the help of the asymmetrical waveguide–cavity couplings. Furthermore, the influence of dissipation on the routing capability is investigated. It is shown that the present single-photon router is robust against the dissipative process of the system, especially the atomic dissipation. These results are expected to be applicable in quantum information processing and design quantum devices with dynamical modulation.
We consider the time-delayed coincidence counting of two photons emitted in a cascade by a single particle (atom, molecule, nucleus, etc.). The time-dependence of the probability amplitude of the second photon in the cascade has a sharply rising leading edge due to the detection of the first photon, as results from causality. If a macroscopic ensemble of resonant two-level absorbers is placed in the path of the second photon between the radiation source and the detector, the photon absorption does not follow Beer's law due to the time-asymmetric shape of the photon. For very short delay times almost no absorption takes place, even in an optically dense medium. We analyze the propagation of such a second photon in a thick resonant three-level absorber if a narrow electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) window is present at the center of the absorption line. It is shown that the EIT medium can change the asymmetric time dependence of the photon probability amplitude to a bell shape (EIT filtering). This bell-shaped photon interacts much more efficiently with another ensemble of two-level absorbers chosen, for example, to store this photon and the information it carries. Ideally a photon wave packet with a Gaussian time-envelope is most effectively stored.