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Australian Journal of Physics

Zero?Field Masers

G S Bogle, H F Symmons

Published Mar 1, 1959• 21 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Solid state three-level masers operating with zero magnetic field are shown to be feasible and to have advantages over magnetic field masers in many applications. The requirements of the working substance are discussed and it is found that compounds of CrH, Fe3+, NiH, and Gd3+ should be suitable.
DOI
10.1071/ph590001

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The three-level excitation method for solid state masers, including some background material on paramagnetic resonance, is reviewed. With respect to the experimental application of the maser material, two cases can be distinguished, In the first, maser action is based mainly on a favorable relaxation time ratio in signal and idler transitions. It is shown that the relaxation time ratio can be changed artificially by a doping technique. Experimental evidence is presented for two such doping techniques, one self-doping, the other impurity doping. In the second case, maser action is based primarily on a favorable frequency ratio of signal and idler transitions. Maser experiments using this approach are described. In addition, excitation of unidirectional gain and attenuation by circular polarization is discussed. Properties of practical isolator materials are surveyed; they include high-concentration paramagnetic and polycryslolline ferrimagnetic materials.
By A. E. Siegman London: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. 1964. Pp. 582. Price 143s. 6d. This is a postgraduate book, partly for electronics engineers, who would find a good deal of the material difficult, because it is a comprehensive account of the subject which demands a good deal of familiarity with quantum mechanics. The contents include chapters on internal structure and energy levels of atoms, the magnetic properties of atoms, energy levels of paramagnetic maser materials, paramagnetic resonance and the dynamics of spin systems, the three level solid state maser and travelling wave maser.
Analytic steady-state solutions of the density-matrix equation are derived by means of a formalism suitable for multilevel spin systems in dilute paramagnetic solids at high temperature and subjected to several strong fields. It is shown that solid-state masers without inversion may be obtained in the presence of one, two, or three quasimonochromatic strong fields at resonance. In the usual cases of two fields, the maser action with or without inversion cannot achieve high-efficiency microwave generation or detection, since for strong emitted fields, the saturating and nonlinear effects are strong too. On the contrary, whenever three frequency-correlated fields fulfill the ``spectroscopic bridge'' conditions, the saturating effects do not occur, and linear effects prevail, even when all these fields are strong. In this case, high-efficiency microwave generations or phase-sensitive detections may be achieved.
Since the demonstration of the possibility of achieving very low noise amplification of signals in the centimetric wavebands, a great deal of work has been carried out in various laboratories with a view to producing and testing devices. The major part of the present article focuses attention on one particular device, the three-level solid-state maser. The physical principles underlying the process of stimulated emission of radiation are in many cases unfamiliar to electronic engineers, and study of the growing literature on the subject can be confusing without a clear understanding of the physics involved. The present article outlines the general theory of emission and radiation processes, particularly as they apply to the microwave spectrum. A quantum mechanical description is employed throughout, and a brief and not very rigorous account is given of the relevant portions of this theory as it applies to the investigation of transistors between energy levels. Well-known expressions are derived for the operating characteristics of a three-level maser, particular attention being given to the significance of the various factors involved and their relationship to easily measured quantities. Little information is included concerning practical maser amplifiers; at the time of writing, few practical devices had been constructed. A survey of recent literature indicates the rapid progress which has since been made, and shows the interest in the development of masers.