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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Magnetic Field-Induced Spectroscopy of Optical Clock Transitions in an Elliptically Polarized Lattice Field

А. В. Тайченачев, Valeriy I. Yudin, Chris W. Oates, Leo W. Hollberg

Published May 1, 2007• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate a method to suppress potentially troublesome frequency shifts in optical lattice atomic clocks based on alkaline-earth-like atoms with zero nuclear spin. Suppression of these shifts, which depend on the square of the lattice field intensity, would remove a potential barrier from the path to the next generation of atomic clocks.

DOI
10.1109/cleo.2007.4452554

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We demonstrate a method to suppress potentially troublesome frequency shifts in optical lattice atomic clocks based on alkaline-earth-like atoms with zero nuclear spin. Suppression of these shifts, which depend on the square of the lattice field intensity, would remove a potential barrier from the path to the next generation of atomic clocks.
We derive the frequency shift for a forbidden optical transition $J=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0$ caused by the simultaneous actions of an elliptically polarized lattice field and a static magnetic field. We find that a simple configuration of lattice and magnetic fields leads to a cancellation of this shift to first order in lattice intensity and magnetic field. In this geometry, the second-order lattice intensity shift can be minimized as well by use of optimal lattice polarization. Suppression of these shifts could considerably enhance the performance of the next generation of atomic clocks.
We develop a method of spectroscopy that uses a weak static magnetic field to enable direct optical excitation of forbidden electric-dipole transitions that are otherwise prohibitively weak. The power of this scheme is demonstrated using the important application of optical atomic clocks based on neutral atoms confined to an optical lattice. The simple experimental implementation of this method--a single clock laser combined with a dc magnetic field--relaxes stringent requirements in current lattice-based clocks (e.g., magnetic field shielding and light polarization), and could therefore expedite the realization of the extraordinary performance level predicted for these clocks. We estimate that a clock using alkaline-earth-like atoms such as Yb could achieve a fractional frequency uncertainty of well below 10(-17) for the metrologically preferred even isotopes.
We present a detailed experimental and theoretical study of the effect of nuclear spin on the performance of optical lattice clocks. With a state-mixing theory including spin-orbit and hyperfine interactions, we describe the origin of the $^{1}S_{0}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}P_{0}$ clock transition and the differential ggg factor between the two clock states for alkaline-earth-metal(-like) atoms, using 87Sr^{87}\mathrm{Sr}87Sr as an example. Clock frequency shifts due to magnetic and optical fields are discussed with an emphasis on those relating to nuclear structure. An experimental determination of the differential ggg factor in 87Sr^{87}\mathrm{Sr}87Sr is performed and is in good agreement with theory. The magnitude of the tensor light shift on the clock states is also explored experimentally. State specific measurements with controlled nuclear spin polarization are discussed as a method to reduce the nuclear spin-related systematic effects to below ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ in lattice clocks.
The light-induced frequency shift due to hyperpolarizability (i.e., terms of second-order in intensity) is studied for a forbidden optical transition, J = 0 --> J = 0. A simple universal dependence on the field ellipticity is obtained. This result allows minimization of the second-order light shift with respect to the field polarization for optical lattices operating at a magic wavelength (at which the first-order shift vanishes). We show the possibility for the existence of a magic elliptical polarization, for which the second-order frequency shift vanishes. The optimal polarization of the lattice field can be either linear, circular, or magic elliptical. The obtained results could improve the accuracy of lattice-based atomic clocks.
Motivated by the ideas of using cold alkaline-earth atoms trapped in an optical lattice for realization of optical atomic clocks, we investigate theoretically the perturbative effects of atom-atom interactions on a clock transition frequency. These interactions are mediated by the dipole fields associated with the optically excited atoms. We predict resonancelike features in the frequency shifts when constructive interference among atomic dipoles occur. We theoretically demonstrate that by fine tuning the coherent dipole-dipole couplings in appropriately designed lattice geometries, the undesirable frequency shifts can be greatly suppressed.
Optical lattice clocks combine the accuracy and stability required for next-generation frequency standards. At the heart of these clocks are carefully engineered optical lattices tuned to a wavelength where the differential AC Stark shift between ground and excited states vanishes—the so called ‘magic’ wavelength. To date, only alkaline-earth-like atoms utilizing clock transitions with total electronic angular momentum J=0 have successfully realized these magic wavelength optical lattices at the level necessary for state-of-the-art clock operation. In this article, we discuss two additional types of clock transitions utilizing states with J≠0, leveraging hyperfine structure to satisfy the necessary requirements for controlling lattice-induced light shifts. We propose realizing (i) clock transitions between same-parity clock states with total angular momentum F=0 and (ii) M1/E2 clock transitions between a state with F=0 and a second state with J=1/2, mF=0. We present atomic species which fulfill these requirements before giving a detailed discussion of both manganese and copper, demonstrating how these transitions provide the necessary suppression of fine structure-induced vector and tensor lattice light shifts for clock operations. Such realization of alternative optical lattice clocks promises to provide a rich variety of new atomic species for neutral atom clock operation, with applications from many-body physics to searches for new physics.