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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

A hybrid quantum photonic interface for solid state qubits

Dirk Englund, Luozhou Li, J. S. Hodges, Brendan Shields, Kelley Rivoire, Fariba Hatami, Jelena Vuckovic A, Hongkun Park, Mikhail D. Lukin

Published Feb 10, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Optical nanocavities enable a strong interaction between single photons and single emitters. An appealing application is the construction of a quantum interface for photonic and solid state qubits. Since the material of the solid state qubit is often dierent from the nanocavity, there has been considerable interest in combining the two in a hybrid architecture. We describe our recent development of such a hybrid interface based a Gallium Phosphide photonic crystal nanocavity that is scanned and deterministically coupled to single emitters on a surface. The technique is used to couple the cavity to the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, an emitter system with optically accessible electron spins and the ability to transfer electronic spin states to nuclear spins.

DOI
10.1117/12.877563

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Optical nanocavities enable a strong interaction between single photons and single emitters. An appealing application is the construction of a quantum interface for photonic and solid state qubits. Since the material of the solid state qubit is often dierent from the nanocavity, there has been considerable interest in combining the two in a hybrid architecture. We describe our recent development of such a hybrid interface based a Gallium Phosphide photonic crystal nanocavity that is scanned and deterministically coupled to single emitters on a surface. The technique is used to couple the cavity to the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, an emitter system with optically accessible electron spins and the ability to transfer electronic spin states to nuclear spins.
We describe and experimentally demonstrate a technique for deterministic, large coupling between a photonic crystal (PC) nanocavity and single photon emitters. The technique is based on in situ scanning of a PC cavity over a sample and allows the precise positioning of the cavity over a desired emitter with nanoscale resolution. The power of the technique is demonstrated by coupling the PC nanocavity to a single nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond, an emitter system that provides optically accessible electron and nuclear spin qubits.
Efficient interfaces between optical photons and quantum bits are fundamental building blocks for quantum networks and large-scale quantum computers. We demonstrate an integrated platform for scalable quantum optics based on color centers coupled to diamond nanodevices. First, we incorporate nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond into hybrid nanophotonic crystal cavities. Despite our progress towards coupling the NV to cavity photons, we find that the NV-cavity interface is limited by the imperfections of the color center's properties and its local environment. We approach this challenge first by characterizing and modifying the diamond surface to reduce the environmental noise affecting the NV optical transition. Subsequently, we develop a new approach that makes use of a quantum emitter with intrinsic protection from this noise: the silicon-vacancy (SiV) center in diamond. We demonstrate that SiV centers introduced through ion implantation feature highly coherent optical transitions, even inside nanostructures. By placing SiV centers inside all-diamond photonic crystal cavities, we achieve strong SiV-photon coupling with a cooperativity of greater than 20. Using this platform, we realize a quantum-optical switch controlled by the spin degree of freedom of a single SiV. By measuring intensity correlations of indistinguishable Raman photons emitted into a single waveguide, we observe a quantum interference effect resulting from the superradiant emission of two probabilistically entangled SiV centers. Finally, we demonstrate controllable photon-mediated interactions between the spin degrees of freedom of two cavity-coupled SiV centers. When the optical transitions of the two SiV centers are tuned into resonance, the coupling of each SiV to the common cavity mode results in a coherent interaction between the two SiVs, leading to the observation of super- and sub-radiant two-SiV states.
Hybrid quantum photonic systems connect classical photonics to the quantum world and promise to deliver efficient light-matter quantum interfaces while leveraging the advantages of both, the classical and the quantum, subsystems. However, combining efficient, scalable photonics and solid-state quantum systems with desirable optical and spin properties remains a formidable challenge. In particular, the access to individual spin states and coherent mapping to photons remains unsolved for hybrid systems. In this paper, we demonstrate all-optical initialization and readout of the electron spin of a negatively charged silicon-vacancy center in a nanodiamond coupled to a silicon nitride photonic crystal cavity. We characterize relevant parameters of the coupled emitter-cavity system and determine the silicon-vacancy center’s spin-relaxation and spin-decoherence rate. Our results mark a key step towards the realization of a hybrid spin-photon interface based on silicon nitride photonics and the silicon-vacancy center’s electron spin in nanodiamonds with potential use for quantum networks, quantum communication, and distributed quantum computation. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
General requirements for single-photon devices in various applications are presented and compared with experimental progress to date. The quantum information applications that currently appear the most promising require a matter qubit-enabled single-photon source, where the emitted photon state is linked to the state of a long-lived quantum system such as an electron spin. The nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond is a promising solid-state system for realizing such a device due to its long-lived electron spin coherence, optical addressability, and ability to couple to a manageable number of nuclear spins. This system is discussed in detail, and experimental results from our laboratory are shown. A critical component of such a device is an optical microcavity to enhance the coupling between the nitrogen-vacancy center and a single photon, and we discuss theoretically the requirements for achieving this enhancement.
Efficient interfaces of quantum emitters and photons are fundamental to quantum networking. Silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers embedded in diamond nanophotonics are a leading approach due to their excellent optical and spin coherence; however, diamond’s weak nonlinearity and challenging fabrication limit long-term scalability. Here, we realize the first high-cooperativity ( C >1) coupling of individual SiV spin qubits in a scalable, hybrid-integrated gallium phosphide (GaP)-on-diamond nanophotonics platform. We fabricate more than 600 GaP nanophotonic cavities on a diamond substrate with a 99.5% yield. We confirm above-unity cooperativity and measure spin-relaxation times exceeding 0.4 ms at 4 K, which together enable single-shot readout of the SiV electron spin. These results, coupled with GaP’s strong nonlinear properties, establish GaP-on-diamond as a scalable planar platform for quantum networking applications.