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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Bose condensate and the coherent states of bosons

Anatoly N. Oraevsky

Published Sep 26, 1997• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The condition for a stimulated formation of a coherent Bose- condensate of the Bose-particles is studied. The recently published experimental observation of the Bose-condensate interference, and the idea of an 'atom laser' generating the coherent atomic states are discussed. The Gross-Pitaevsky equations are generalized, where the interaction of Bose- condensate with incoherent subsystems of the particles is taken into account.

DOI
10.1117/12.287678

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The condition for a stimulated formation of a coherent Bose- condensate of the Bose-particles is studied. The recently published experimental observation of the Bose-condensate interference, and the idea of an 'atom laser' generating the coherent atomic states are discussed. The Gross-Pitaevsky equations are generalized, where the interaction of Bose- condensate with incoherent subsystems of the particles is taken into account.
An analysis is made of the condition for stimulated precipitation of Bose particles to form a coherent Bose condensate. Experimental observations of the interference of Bose condensates are described. A system of equations is proposed for the dynamics of a generator of coherent atomic beams, i.e. an 'atom laser'. This system of equations takes account of the interaction of a Bose condensate with incoherent particle subsystems. A description is given of experimental observations of stimulated amplification of an exciton bunch. The possibility of generation of a coherent state of excitons by direct binding of free carriers in semiconductors and insulators is considered.
The dynamic analogy between the Bose condensate of photons (laser), Bose condensate of atoms, and Bose condensate of Cooper pairs in a superconductor is discussed. It is pointed out that the coherent state of Bose condensates of different types can appear only due to stimulated transitions.The equations are discussed that combine into a unified dynamic system the order parameter of the Bose condensate and the concentration of atoms beyond the condensate for an ensemble of atoms captured by a trap, as well as the order parameter of Cooper pairs, the concentration of free quasi-particles, and the densities of phonons and photons in a semiconductor.
Superconductivity, superfluidity, Bose-Einstein condensation, and laser amplification are all examples of a general mechanism involving the stimulated transfer of bosons into a specific quantum state. When the occupation number of the state is large, this mechanism may generate a macroscopic coherence for the state amplitude. In this paper, we demonstrate that the stimulated transfer of bosonic atoms into a given state of an optical or a magnetic trap can give rise to a coherent atomic source in analogy with the photon laser and we present a general model for such a device.
We study the coherence of interacting Bose condensates in recent magnetic trap experiments. The coherent evolution manifests itself in the macroscopic interference of two independent Bose condensates. The theoretical predictions from the time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equation are in excellent agreement with the measured interference patterns. A coherent coupling of two condensates represents the atomic analogon of a Josephson junction. The dependence of the magnetic confinement on the nuclear spin orientation allows one to build a controllable beam splitter by magnetic resonance. The application of this beam splitter to realize an atom laser is studied theoretically. The coherence of the output beam is limited only by phase diffusion of the condensate.