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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Optical waveguide Hamiltonians leading to step-2 difference equations

Juvenal Rueda-Paz, Kurt Bernardo Wolf

Published Mar 1, 2011• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We examine the evolution of an N -point signal produced and sensed at finite arrays of points transverse to a planar waveguide, within the framework of the finite quantization of geometric optics. In contradistinction to the common mechanical Hamiltonians (kinetic plus potential energy terms) the classical waveguide Hamiltonian is the square root of a difference of squares of the refractive index profile minus the optical momentum. The finitely quantized model requires the solution of the square eigenvalue and eigenfunction problem which leads to a step-two difference equation that contains two solutions and two signs of energy. We find the proper linear combinations to fit the Kravchuk functions of the finite oscillator model.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/284/1/012051

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We examine the evolution of an N -point signal produced and sensed at finite arrays of points transverse to a planar waveguide, within the framework of the finite quantization of geometric optics. In contradistinction to the common mechanical Hamiltonians (kinetic plus potential energy terms) the classical waveguide Hamiltonian is the square root of a difference of squares of the refractive index profile minus the optical momentum. The finitely quantized model requires the solution of the square eigenvalue and eigenfunction problem which leads to a step-two difference equation that contains two solutions and two signs of energy. We find the proper linear combinations to fit the Kravchuk functions of the finite oscillator model.
We introduce a model of multimodal waveguides with a finite number of sensor points. This is a finite oscillator whose eigenstates are Kravchuk functions, which are orthonormal on a finite set of points and satisfy a physically important difference equation. The fractional finite Fourier–Kravchuk transform is defined to self-reproduce these functions. The analysis of finite signal processing uses the representations of the ordinary rotation group SO(3). This leads naturally to a phase space for finite optics such that the continuum limit (N→∞) reproduces Fourier paraxial optics.
In this essay we finitely quantize the Hamiltonian system of geometric optics to a finite system that is also Hamiltonian, but where signals are described by complex N-vectors, which are subject to unitary transformations that form the group U(N). This group can be decomposed into U(2)-paraxial and aberration transformations. Proper irreducible representation bases are thus provided by quantum angular momentum theory. For one-dimensional systems we have waveguide models. For two-dimensional systems we can have Cartesian or polar sensor arrays, where digital images are subject to unitary rotation, gyration or asymmetric Fourier transformations, as well as a unitary map between the two arrays.
The finite q -oscillator is a model that obeys the dynamics of the harmonic oscillator, with the operators of position, momentum and Hamiltonian being functions of elements of the q -algebra su q (2). The spectrum of position in this discrete system, in a fixed representation j , consists of 2 j + 1 'sensor'-points , and similarly for the momentum observable. The spectrum of energies is finite and equally spaced, so the system supports coherent states. The wavefunctions involve dual q -Kravchuk polynomials, which are solutions to a finite-difference Schrödinger equation. Time evolution (times a phase) defines the fractional Fourier– q -Kravchuk transform. In the classical limit as q → 1 we recover the finite oscillator Lie algebra, the N = 2 j → ∞ limit returns the Macfarlane–Biedenharn q -oscillator and both limits contract the generators to the standard quantum-mechanical harmonic oscillator.
Based on an observation that the basic mode of a common microwave waveguide is a solution to the Klein-Gordon equation, quantum mechanics is modeled as the wave-function propagated inside a waveguide. The guide width is determined by the rest-energy and the potential energy. Moreover, a geometrical optics model of the propagation illustrates how the width as a function of distance determines the velocity and accelerations of the particle. The model entails the disappearance of action-at-a-distance problem, and that interactions are conveyed via the potential, i.e. by photons.
According to Schrödinger's ideas, classical dynamics of point particles should correspond to the « geometrical optics » limit of a linear wave equation, in just the same way as ray optics is the limit of wave optics. It is shown that the « geometrical optics » analogy leads to the correspondence between a classical Hamiltonian H and a linear wave equation in a natural and general way. In particular, the correspondence is unambiguous also in the case where H contains mixed terms involving momentum and position. This is obtained through a theory of the dispersion relations, which leads to properly define the group velocity and to enlighten its role. Using this latter notion, it is shown that, for a quite general class of potentials, « momentum states » can be defined in a physically more satisfying way than by assuming plane waves. These momentum states are solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and their amplitude functions move rigidly on a well-defined trajectory. In the case of a spatially uniform force field, such momentum states must have a singularity and the trajectory is defined by Newton's second law in the given force field.