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International Journal of Quantum Information

DETERMINISTIC QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION USING STABILIZER QUANTUM CODE

Ying Guo, Guihua Zeng

Published May 30, 2007• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Employing a stabilizer quantum code (SQC), a quantum deterministic communication scheme is proposed to transmit secret messages with unconditional security. The proposed scheme has great capacity to transmit the messages since the utilized SQC can encode more than one qubit of the secret message in the message transmission phase for one scheme run. By utilizing the syndromes of the destroyed qubits, the damaged states can be exactly recovered from the received travel photons, which means that the scheme can be implemented in the imperfect channel with high fidelity.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749907002888

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Employing a stabilizer quantum code (SQC), a quantum deterministic communication scheme is proposed to transmit secret messages with unconditional security. The proposed scheme has great capacity to transmit the messages since the utilized SQC can encode more than one qubit of the secret message in the message transmission phase for one scheme run. By utilizing the syndromes of the destroyed qubits, the damaged states can be exactly recovered from the received travel photons, which means that the scheme can be implemented in the imperfect channel with high fidelity.
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In this paper, a novel deterministic secure quantum communication scheme with four-qubit W states is proposed. By utilizing four kinds of unitary operations, the two legitimate users can directly transmit the secret messages based on the Bell measurements and some additional classical information. Analysis shows that our scheme has a high capacity as each W state can carry two bits of secret information, and has a high efficiency as the intrinsic efficiency approaches the maximal value 100% and the total efficiency is 33.3%. Moreover, this scheme is unconditionally secure and feasible with present-day technique.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is considered as an ideal method to make secret message unreadable to eaves-dropper but intelligible to the two authorized parties of the communication [1][2][3][4][5][6].In the research of experimental quantum key distribution, single photons and entangled photon pairs are used as the carriers.In quantum key distribution, secret keys are generated first between the communication parties.The security of quantum key distribution is guaranteed by the laws of quantum mechanics.After the quantum key distribution is completed, the communication parties should share secret keys, then the sender encrypts the secret message using the secret keys to form the ciphertext and transmits the ciphertext through a classical channel.The receiver receives the ciphertext and then decrypt the ciphertext to get the secret message.Altogether there are four steps in a secret communication process with QKD: key generation, encryption, transmission and decryption.Here in this review, we review some new development in quantum communication, quantum direct communication (QDC).Quantum direct communication is a form of quantum communication where secret messages can be transmitted through a quantum channel with or without additional classical communications.There are two forms of quantum direct communication, quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) [7{9] and deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) [10,11].In QSDC, secret messages are transmitted directly between the communication parties, from sender Alice to receiver Bob, without additional classical communication except those for the necessary eavesdropping check.In other words, the quantum key distribution process and the classical communication of ciphertext are condensed into one single quantum communication procedure in QSDC.Deterministic secure quantum communication is another type of quantum direct communication, such as those proposed in Ref. [10,11], where classical communication is required in order to read out the secret message.As mentioned earlier, to complete a secure communication with the help of QKD, one usually encodes the secret message with an encryption scheme, and the ciphered text is transmitted through a classical channel.With a quantum channel, this procedure can be varied.
Deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) can transmit secret messages between two parties without first generating a shared secret key. Compared with quantum key distribution (QKD), DSQC avoids the waste of qubits arising from basis reconciliation and thus reaches higher efficiency. In this paper, based on data block transmission and order rearrangement technologies, we propose a DSQC protocol. It utilizes a set of single d-level systems as message carriers, which are used to directly encode the secret message in one communication process. Theoretical analysis shows that these employed technologies guarantee the security, and the use of a higher dimensional quantum system makes our protocol achieve higher security and efficiency. Since only quantum memory is required for implementation, our protocol is feasible with current technologies. Furthermore, Trojan horse attack (THA) is taken into account in our protocol. We give a THA model and show that THA significantly increases the multi-photon rate and can thus be detected.
A novel efficient scheme for deterministic secure quantum communication with cluster state is proposed. By utilizing Bell-basis- and [Formula: see text]-basis-measurements, the two legitimate users can directly transmit secret message after exchanging some additional classical information. It has a high capacity as each cluster state can carry two bits of information, and has a high intrinsic efficiency because almost all the instances are useful. Since the present scheme is based on the cluster state which is robust against decoherence, it is easily processed by a one-way quantum computer. Furthermore, this scheme is feasible with present-day technique.