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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Direct observation of the double structure in a parametrically-driven MOT

Kihwan Kim, Hyun-Jee Ha, Kiyoub Jang, Ki-Hwan Lee, W. Jhe, Heung‐Ryoul Noh

Published Jan 1, 2004• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The double structure potential predicted in the atomic cloud of a magneto-optical trap by one (Doppler part) and two photon process (sub-Doppler part) are experimentally observed and studied through the modulation of cooling laser intensities.
DOI
10.1364/iqec.2004.itua2

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The double structure potential predicted in the atomic cloud of a magneto-optical trap by one- (Doppler part) and two-photon process (sub-Doppler part) is experimentally observed and studied through the parametric excitation with the modulation of cooling laser intensities. Modulating the intensity of the cooling laser at around twice its resonant frequency of Doppler part, the atoms in Doppler part are divided and they oscillate reciprocally with finite amplitude due to the nonlinearity of the trap, and the others in sub-Doppler part are not influenced. By the modulation, we can investigate the sub-Doppler part spatially without Doppler part and also measure the temperature of sub-Doppler part independently.
Second-stage laser cooling of thulium atoms at the 530.7 nm transition with a natural linewidth of 350 kHz offers an interesting possibility to study different regimes of a magneto-optical trap (MOT). The intermediate value of the spectral linewidth of the cooling transition allows the observation of three distinct regimes depending on the intensity and detuning of the cooling beams, namely, the ``bowl-shaped'' regime when light pressure force competes with gravity, the ``double structure'' regime with interplay between the Doppler and polarization-gradient (sub-Doppler) cooling, and the ``symmetric'' regime when Doppler cooling dominates over sub-Doppler cooling and gravity. The polarization-gradient cooling manifests itself by a two-temperature momentum distribution of atoms resulting in a double-structure of the spatial MOT profile consisting of a cold central fraction surrounded by a hot halo. We studied the double structure regime at different saturation parameters and compared observations with calculations based on semiclassical and quantum approaches. The quantum treatment adequately reproduces experimental results if the MOT magnetic field is properly taken into account.
We have derived ab initioanalytical results for the shape of the double-structure potential well for a (3+5)-level atoms in the magneto-optical trap (MOT). We show that for a case of a (3+5)-level atom and a one-dimensional ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ laser field, the sharp bottom part of the MOT potential well results from the two-photon processes between the atomic ground-state magnetic sublevels. These nonlinear processes are, in particular, responsible for atomic temperatures below the Doppler limit which is due to the one-photon processes in the MOT. We also find that in more complicated atomic schemes, even-order multiphoton processes contribute to the sharp and narrow MOT potential well.