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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Stochastic Processes and Their Representations in Hilbert Space

F. G. HALL, R. Collins

Published Jan 1, 1971• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Beginning with an intuitive consideration of sequences of measurements, we define a time-ordered event space representing the collection of all imaginable outcomes for measurement sequences. We then postulate the generalized distributive relation on the event space and examine the class of measurements for which this relation can be experimentally validated. The generalized distributive relation is shown to lead to a σ-additive conditional probability on the event space and to a predictive and retrodictive formalism for stochastic processes. We then show that this formalism has a predictive and a retrodictive representation in a separable Hilbert space H, which has no counterpart in unitary quantum dynamics.

DOI
10.1063/1.1665465

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Beginning with an intuitive consideration of sequences of measurements, we define a time-ordered event space representing the collection of all imaginable outcomes for measurement sequences. We then postulate the generalized distributive relation on the event space and examine the class of measurements for which this relation can be experimentally validated. The generalized distributive relation is shown to lead to a σ-additive conditional probability on the event space and to a predictive and retrodictive formalism for stochastic processes. We then show that this formalism has a predictive and a retrodictive representation in a separable Hilbert space H, which has no counterpart in unitary quantum dynamics.
In the present paper we consider the problem of the description of an arbitrary generalized quantum measurement with outcomes in a measurable space. Analysing the unitary invariants of a separable statistical realization of a quantum instrument, we present the most general form of a possible integral representation of an instrument. We introduce the notion of a stochastic realization of an instrument and establish a one-to-one correspondence between the class of unitarily and phase equivalent separable statistical realizations and the equivalence class of stochastic realizations of an instrument. We further single out the invariant class of unitarily and phase equivalent separable statistical realizations for which the integral representation of an instrument is the same for all statistical realizations from this class and is wholly determined by the invariants of this class. We call the special form of this integral representation the quantum stochastic representation of an instrument. We show that the description of a generalized direct quantum measurement can be considered in the frame of a new general approach based on the notion of a family of quantum stochastic evolution operators satisfying the orthonormality relation. This approach gives not only the complete statistical description of any generalized direct quantum measurement but the complete description in a Hilbert space of the stochastic behaviour of a quantum system under a generalized direct measurement in the sense of specifying the probabilistic transition law governing the change from the initial state to a final one under a single measurement. Under this approach a unitary evolution of an isolated quantum system is included as a special case. In the frame of the proposed approach, which we call quantum stochastic approach, all possible schemes of measurements upon a quantum system can be considered. In the case of repeated or continuous in time measurements the quantum stochastic approach allows to define, in the most general case, the notion of the family of posterior pure state trajectories (quantum trajectories in discrete or continuous time) in the Hilbert space of a quantum system and to give their probabilistic treatment.
Quantum mechanics contains certain novel mathematical concepts. Among these are complex numbers, Hilbert spaces with their unitary and self-adjoint operators, states represented by complex vectors, superpositions of states, collapse of wave functions, Born's rule for probabilities and others. If we accept that quantum mechanics is probabilistic, then these concepts can be derived and they become secondary. In this work, we begin with what we call a conditional stochastic process, which is based on real numbers and probabilities. As we shall see, such processes are defined by three simple axioms. We then use conditional stochastic processes to derive quantum mechanics by employing a correspondence called a dictionary. We also show that the converse holds. That is, beginning with a quantum system, we employ the dictionary to derive a conditional stochastic process.
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Abstract This chapter characterizes the statistical properties of a quantum mechanical ensemble in terms of a density matrix. However, if selective measurements of one or several observables are carried out on the ensemble, it will split into a number of sub-ensembles, each sub-ensemble being conditioned on a particular outcome of the measurements. The mathematical description of the collection of sub-ensembles thus created leads to probability distributions on projective Hilbert space. The chapter develops an appropriate mathematical framework which enables the general formulation of such a distribution, and leads to the concepts of stochastic state vectors and stochastic density matrices. These concepts are required in later chapters to construct appropriate stochastic differential equations describing the continuous monitoring of open quantum systems.
The extended semantic realism (ESR) model recently worked out by one of the authors embodies the mathematical formalism of standard (Hilbert space) quantum mechanics in a noncontextual framework, reinterpreting quantum probabilities as conditional instead of absolute. We provide here a Hilbert space representation of the generalized observables introduced by the ESR model that satisfy a simple physical condition, propose a generalization of the projection postulate, and suggest a possible mathematical description of the measurement process in terms of evolution of the compound system made up of the measured system and the measuring apparatus.
The stochastic--quantum correspondence reinterprets quantum dynamics in terms of an underlying stochastic process on a configuration space. We generalize its lifting prescription, overcoming restrictions on the reachable density matrices without enlarging the configuration space or its associated Hilbert space. A compatibility relation and Kraus dictionary connect stochastic kernels to completely positive, trace-preserving (CPTP) maps: every finite-dimensional kernel admits a compatible lift, and these lifts collectively encompass all quantum channels as the kernels vary. We describe sufficiently regular composable CPTP dynamics through time-local Lindblad generators. We establish that every rooted quantum dynamical family admits a stochastic realizer on the same configuration space, and that a revival of configuration-space distinguishability rules out every Markovian realizer on that space. We show how the predictive information carried by off-diagonal degrees of freedom in a compatible composable lift is encoded in the continuation probabilities of a family of context-dependent stochastic processes. We also analyze physical measurement by separating active basis rotations from configuration recording. The rooted quantum probabilities alone do not enforce faithfulness in idealized recording interactions; nevertheless, we show that a faithful stochastic realizer always exists.