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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics

Squeezed polarization states and photon antibunching in nonlinear selective reflection of light from a cholesteric liquid crystal

A. P. Alodzhants, Sergei M. Arakelyan, Yu. S. Chilingaryan

Published May 31, 1991• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The quantum phenomena of the appearance of a squeezed state of light and photon antibunching are predicted for nonlinear propagation of two waves with orthogonal circular polarizations in spatially periodic helicoidal structures. The physics of these phenomena is governed by the second-order nonlinear reflection of light incident normally on a cholesteric liquid crystal under the Bragg resonance conditions.

DOI
10.1070/qe1991v021n05abeh003879

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The quantum phenomena of the appearance of a squeezed state of light and photon antibunching are predicted for nonlinear propagation of two waves with orthogonal circular polarizations in spatially periodic helicoidal structures. The physics of these phenomena is governed by the second-order nonlinear reflection of light incident normally on a cholesteric liquid crystal under the Bragg resonance conditions.
We present here our results on using liquid crystals in experiments with nonclassical light sources: (1) single-photon sources exhibiting antibunching (separation of all photons in time), which are key components for secure quantum communication systems, and (2) entangled photon source with photons exhibiting quantum interference in a Hong-Ou- Mandel interferometer. In the first part, cholesteric liquid crystal hosts were used to create definite circular polarization of antibunched photons emitted by nanocrystal quantum dots. If the photon has unknown polarization, filtering it through a polarizer to produce the desired polarization for quantum key distribution with bits based on polarization states of photons will reduce by half the efficiency of a quantum cryptography system. In the first part, we also provide our results on observation of a circular polarized microcavity resonance in nanocrystal quantum dot fluorescence in a 1-D chiral photonic bandgap cholesteric liquid crystal microcavity. In the second part of this paper with indistinguishable, time-entangled photons, we demonstrate our experimental results on simulating quantum-mechanical barrier tunnelling phenomena. A Hong-Ou-Mandel dip (quantum interference effect) is shifted when a phase change was introduced on the way of one of entangled photons in pair (one arm of the interferometer) by inserting in this arm an electrically controlled planar-aligned nematic liquid crystal layer between two prisms in the conditions close to a frustrated total internal reflection. By applying different AC-voltages to the planar-aligned nematic layer and changing its refractive index, we can obtain various conditions for incident photon propagation – from total reflection to total transmission. Measuring changes of tunnelling times of photon through this structure with femtosecond resolution permitted us to answer some unresolved questions in quantum-mechanical barrier tunnelling phenomena.
An analysis is made of nonlinear optical phenomena associated with a change in the orientation of the director of a liquid crystal induced by an optical field and resulting in optical bistability. The usual configurations with a nonlinear Fabry-Perot resonator and several other configurations are considered. Bistable cells with cholesterics are proposed: in these cells the nonlinearity is associated with the absorption of the incident and reflected light and is related—via the temperature of the cell—to the cholesteric helix period. Devices are considered in which switching from one state to another takes place as a result of a change in radiation parameters (such as the frequency or polarization) other than the power.
Laser-induced bulk gratings and temporal instabilities of nonlinear wave processes with different components of light polarization have been studied in the liquid crystals (LC). A mirrorless feedback arises because of the non-local nonlinear response of an anisotropic elastic medium on the external field. The multiplicative nature of the molecular fluctuations in the LC under external field are discussed and the light-induced reorientation effects in this medium can be considered as a noise-induced phase transition. . The quantum aspects of behavior of the radiation fluctuations for passing through the LC light are considered. A new method of formation of quantum states of the light in the linear system at dynamic diffraction is discussed for the first time. The squeezed states of the field and the photon superbunching are obtained for two geometries (Bragg and Laue) of diffraction in spatially periodic medium. The approach gives a new opportunities for a verification of quantum properties of the light in experiment.
We present here our results on using liquid crystals (LCs) in experiments with nonclassical light sources: (1) single-photon sources exhibiting antibunching (separation of all photons in time), which are key components for secure quantum communication systems and (2) entangled photon source with photons exhibiting quantum interference in a Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometer. In the first part, both nematic and cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) hosts were used to create definite linear or circular polarization of antibunched photons emitted by different types of single emitters (dye molecules, nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs), nanodiamonds with color centers, etc.). If the photon has unknown polarization, filtering it through a polarizer to produce the desired polarization for quantum key distribution with bits based on polarization states of photons will reduce by half the efficiency of a quantum cryptography system. In the first part, we also provide our results on observation of a circular polarized microcavity resonance in NQD fluorescence in a 1-D chiral photonic bandgap CLC microcavity. In the second part of this paper with indistinguishable, time-entangled photons, we demonstrate our experimental results on simulating quantum mechanical barrier tunneling phenomena. A Hong–Ou–Mandel dip (quantum interference effect) is shifted when a phase change was introduced on the way of one of entangled photons in pair (one arm of the interferometer) by inserting in this arm an electrically controlled planar-aligned nematic LC layer between two prisms in the conditions close to a frustrated total internal reflection. By applying different AC-voltages to the planar-aligned nematic layer and changing its refractive index, we can obtain various conditions for incident photon propagation – from total reflection to total transmission. Measuring changes of tunneling times of photon through this structure with femtosecond resolution permitted us to answer some unresolved questions in quantum mechanical barrier tunneling phenomena.