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Physical Review Letters

Chirp and Compress: Toward Single-Cycle Biphotons

Stephen E. Harris

Published Feb 5, 2007• 162 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Letter describes a technique for the spontaneous generation of chirped time-energy entangled photons. Transmitting either photon through an appropriate dispersive medium results in a temporally compressed, transform limited biphoton. At maximum bandwidth, the biphoton is a single cycle in length, with a waveform that has the same characteristic shape as a classical single-cycle pulse.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.98.063602

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The Letter describes a technique for the spontaneous generation of chirped time-energy entangled photons. Transmitting either photon through an appropriate dispersive medium results in a temporally compressed, transform limited biphoton. At maximum bandwidth, the biphoton is a single cycle in length, with a waveform that has the same characteristic shape as a classical single-cycle pulse.
Chirped biphotons generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion in chirped quasi-phase-matched nonlinear crystals have ultrabroadband frequency spectra, while their correlation times are not ultranarrow, due to the nonlinear frequency dependence of the phase factor. Based on the idea of Fresnel zone lenses, we propose a Fresnel-inspired binary phase-shaping scheme for tailoring broadband biphoton spectra. By applying binary phase masks to the biphoton spectrum, a Fresnel zone lens was produced in the frequency domain, compressing the broadband temporal wave packets of the chirped biphotons to the Fourier-transform limit due to the effective removal of the quadratic phase. Furthermore, biphoton correlation trains can also be generated by properly shaping the biphoton spectrum with this scheme. This provides a method for biphoton compression and shaping, which avoids the length dependence and the impact of higher-order dispersion in a dispersive medium by using the phase compensation method. Our results could prove useful in quantum metrology, lithography, and coding of entangled photons.
Generation of two-photon light with given spectral and temporal properties is of great interest for quantum communication and quantum metrology applications. In particular, preparation of biphotons with ultra-narrow correlation time is a very important task. In a recent series of papers, our group analyzed the generation of twophoton wavepackets, produced by Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion, in crystals with linearly chirped quasi-phase matching grating. Wavepackets present very broad spectra but a broad spectrum does not necessarily imply small correlation times, although the inverse is true. Indeed, the spectrum broadening induced by the grating is inhomogeneous; for this reason, the two-photon spectral amplitude present a phase (a frequency chirp) that depend nonlinearly on the frequency. Hence, the two-photon wavepackets are not Fourier transform-limited. As suggested in, the ideal way to make the wavepacket perfectly transform limited is to insert in the path of the biphotons a proper optical medium that compensates the non-linear part of the phase factor present in the spectral amplitude. In our work, we investigate the non-local temporal compression of the photons induced by the insertion of a standard optical fibre in the path of one of the two photons. We present and discuss a systematic study of this phenomenon and some optimal situation where the full numerical calculation shows an effect that can be clearly observed with a realistic set-up. The study has open the way to the practical realization of this idea.