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A down-conversion source of positively spectrally correlated and decorrelated telecom photon pairs

Thomas Lutz, Piotr Leszek Kolenderski, Thomas D. Jennewein

Published Jan 1, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally characterize a spontaneous parametric down-conversion source, based on a Beta-Barium-Borate crystal capable of emitting photons with positive or no spectral correlations. Our system employs a carefully designed detection method exploiting two InGaAs detectors.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2013.qth1e.4

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The frequency correlation (or decorrelation) of photon pairs is of great importance in long-range quantum communications and photonic quantum computing. We experimentally characterize a spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) source, based on a β-Barium Borate (BBO) crystal cut for type-II phase matching at 1550 nm which has the capability to emit photons with positive or no spectral correlations. Our system, depicted in Fig. 1a), employs a carefully designed detection method exploiting two InGaAs detectors.
There are several problems that must be solved in order to increase the distance of quantum communication protocols based on photons as an information carriers. One of them is the dispersion, whose effects can be minimized by engineering spectral properties of transmitted photons. In particular, it is expected that positively correlated photon pairs can be very useful. We present the full characterization of a source of single photon pairs at a telecom wavelength based on type II spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) process in a beta-barium borate (BBO) crystal. In the type II process, a pump photon, which is polarized extraordinarily, splits in a nonlinear medium into signal and idler photons, which are polarized perpendicularly to each other. In order for the process to be efficient a phase matching condition must be fulfilled. These conditions originate from momentum and energy conservation rules and put severe restrictions on source parameters. Seemingly, these conditions force the photon pair to be negatively correlated in their spectral domain. However, it is possible to achieve positive correlation for pulsed pumping. The experimentally available degrees of freedom of a source are the width of the pumping beam, the collected modes’ widths, the length of the nonlinear crystal and the duration of the pumping pulse. In our numerical model we use the following figures of merit: the pair production rate, the efficiency of photon coupling into a single mode fiber, the spectral correlation of the coupled photon pair. The last one is defined as the Pearson correlation parameter for a joint spectral distribution. The aim here is to find the largest positive spectral correlation and the highest coupling efficiency. By resorting to the numerical model Ref. [1] we showed in Ref. [2], that by careful adjustment of the pump’s and the collected modes’ characteristics, one can optimize any of the source's parameters. Our numerical outcomes conform to the experimental results presented in Refs [3,4]. Here we investigate typical, experimentally available source parameters: the widths of the pump beam and collected modes ranging from 20μm to 500m, the crystal length ranging from 1mm to 7.5mm while the pulse duration is set to 50fs, 100fs or 150fs. We achieve the correlation coefficient value as high as approximately 0.8, or – for different values of parameters – coupling efficiency equal to 0.76.
Sources of photon pairs based on the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process are commonly used for long-distance quantum communication and quantum information processing. The key feature for improving the range of transmission is engineering their spectral properties. Our analysis shows the way for full control of spectral correlation within a fiber-coupled photon pair. The result of extensive numerical simulations allows us to specify the settings for the generation of pairs featuring positive-energy correlation, which can potentially improve the signal-to-noise ratio in practical implementation of quantum communication protocols. We analytically and numerically analyze the characteristics of a source based on a $\ensuremath{\beta}$-barium borate crystal cut for type-II phase matching at the degenerated frequencies $755\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm} \ensuremath{\rightarrow}1550\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}+1550\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. The presented framework is general and can be applied to other crystals.
In recent years, the use of entangled photons in quantum spectroscopy has gained attention, offering new possibilities for studying materials. In this work, we present an entangled photon source developed for future applications in ultrafast quantum spec- troscopy, particularly in biological research. Entangled photons at visible wavelengths are generated using pulsed type-I spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in a Beta-Barium Borate (BBO) crystal, pumped by a 1030 nm laser after third and fourth harmonic generation. Photon detection was performed with an intensified sCMOS cam- era, enabling observation and study of spatial and, after integration of a custom-built spectrograph, spatio-energetic correlations between photon pairs. We optimized detec- tion, imaging, and data processing methods. We believe that our results, combined with the improvements we propose, form a solid foundation for integrating entangled photon pairs into time-resolved optical spectroscopy.