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arXiv:1212.0008 · Optics Letters

Toward a downconversion source of positively spectrally correlated and decorrelated telecom photon pairs

Thomas Lutz, Piotr Leszek Kolenderski, Thomas Jennewein

Published Feb 22, 2013• 23 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Frequency correlation (or decorrelation) of photon pairs is of great importance in long-range quantum communications and photonic quantum computing. We experimentally characterize a spontaneous parametric downconversion source, based on a β-barium borate crystal cut for type-II phase matching at 1550 nm, which has the capability to emit photons with positive or no spectral correlations. Our system employs a carefully designed detection method exploiting two InGaAs detectors.

DOI
10.1364/ol.38.000697

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Frequency correlation (or decorrelation) of photon pairs is of great importance in long-range quantum communications and photonic quantum computing. We experimentally characterize a spontaneous parametric downconversion source, based on a β-barium borate crystal cut for type-II phase matching at 1550 nm, which has the capability to emit photons with positive or no spectral correlations. Our system employs a carefully designed detection method exploiting two InGaAs detectors.
The frequency correlation (or decorrelation) of photon pairs is of great importance in long-range quantum communications and photonic quantum computing. We experimentally characterize a spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) source, based on a β-Barium Borate (BBO) crystal cut for type-II phase matching at 1550 nm which has the capability to emit photons with positive or no spectral correlations. Our system, depicted in Fig. 1a), employs a carefully designed detection method exploiting two InGaAs detectors.
Sources of photon pairs based on the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process are commonly used for long-distance quantum communication and quantum information processing. The key feature for improving the range of transmission is engineering their spectral properties. Our analysis shows the way for full control of spectral correlation within a fiber-coupled photon pair. The result of extensive numerical simulations allows us to specify the settings for the generation of pairs featuring positive-energy correlation, which can potentially improve the signal-to-noise ratio in practical implementation of quantum communication protocols. We analytically and numerically analyze the characteristics of a source based on a $\ensuremath{\beta}$-barium borate crystal cut for type-II phase matching at the degenerated frequencies $755\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm} \ensuremath{\rightarrow}1550\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}+1550\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. The presented framework is general and can be applied to other crystals.
There are several problems that must be solved in order to increase the distance of quantum communication protocols based on photons as an information carriers. One of them is the dispersion, whose effects can be minimized by engineering spectral properties of transmitted photons. In particular, it is expected that positively correlated photon pairs can be very useful. We present the full characterization of a source of single photon pairs at a telecom wavelength based on type II spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) process in a beta-barium borate (BBO) crystal. In the type II process, a pump photon, which is polarized extraordinarily, splits in a nonlinear medium into signal and idler photons, which are polarized perpendicularly to each other. In order for the process to be efficient a phase matching condition must be fulfilled. These conditions originate from momentum and energy conservation rules and put severe restrictions on source parameters. Seemingly, these conditions force the photon pair to be negatively correlated in their spectral domain. However, it is possible to achieve positive correlation for pulsed pumping. The experimentally available degrees of freedom of a source are the width of the pumping beam, the collected modes’ widths, the length of the nonlinear crystal and the duration of the pumping pulse. In our numerical model we use the following figures of merit: the pair production rate, the efficiency of photon coupling into a single mode fiber, the spectral correlation of the coupled photon pair. The last one is defined as the Pearson correlation parameter for a joint spectral distribution. The aim here is to find the largest positive spectral correlation and the highest coupling efficiency. By resorting to the numerical model Ref. [1] we showed in Ref. [2], that by careful adjustment of the pump’s and the collected modes’ characteristics, one can optimize any of the source's parameters. Our numerical outcomes conform to the experimental results presented in Refs [3,4]. Here we investigate typical, experimentally available source parameters: the widths of the pump beam and collected modes ranging from 20μm to 500m, the crystal length ranging from 1mm to 7.5mm while the pulse duration is set to 50fs, 100fs or 150fs. We achieve the correlation coefficient value as high as approximately 0.8, or – for different values of parameters – coupling efficiency equal to 0.76.
Spectrally correlated photon pairs can be used to improve the performance of long-range fiber-based quantum communication protocols. We present a source based on spontaneous parametric downconversion, which allows one to control spectral correlations within the entangled photon pair without spectral filtering by changing the pump-pulse duration or the characteristics of the coupled spatial modes. The spectral correlations and polarization entanglement are characterized. We find that the generated photon pairs can feature both positive spectral correlations, decorrelation, or negative correlations at the same time as polarization entanglement with a high fidelity of 0.97 (no background subtraction) with the expected Bell state.
The thorough characterization of entangled-photon sources is vital for their optimal use in quantum communication. However, this task is not trivial at telecommunication wavelengths. While cameras and spectrometers are well developed for visible and near-infrared spectra, this does not apply in the mid-infrared range. Here, we present a spatial and spectral characterization of photon pairs emitted in a type-0 phase-matched spontaneous parametric downconverted source. We experimentally show how these photon properties are modified by the crystal temperature. This parameter allows easy modification of photon-pair properties to fit multiplexing schemes based on only one entanglement photon source. Our results pave the way for the optimal design and use of spatial and spectral properties of quantum-correlated photon pairs at telecommunication wavelengths.