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European Journal of Physics

Bose-Einstein condensation for general dispersion relations

Valdir C. Aguilera-Navarro, MANUEL DE LLANO, M. A. Solís

Published Jan 1, 1999• 23 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Bose-Einstein condensation in an ideal (i.e. interactionless) boson gas can be studied analytically, at university-level statistical and solid state physics, in any positive dimensionality ( d >0) for identical bosons with any positive-exponent ( s >0) energy-momentum (i.e. dispersion) relation. Explicit formulae with arbitrary d / s are discussed for: the critical temperature (non-zero only if d / s >1); the condensate fraction; the internal energy; and the constant-volume specific heat (found to possess a jump discontinuity only if d / s >2). Classical results are recovered at sufficiently high temperatures. Applications to `ordinary' Bose-Einstein condensation, as well as to photons, phonons, ferro- and antiferromagnetic magnons, and (very specially) to Cooper pairs in superconductivity, are mentioned.

DOI
10.1088/0143-0807/20/3/307

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arXiv:2606.25316•Jun 24, 2026•0 citations
Bose-Einstein condensation in an ideal (i.e. interactionless) boson gas can be studied analytically, at university-level statistical and solid state physics, in any positive dimensionality ( d >0) for identical bosons with any positive-exponent ( s >0) energy-momentum (i.e. dispersion) relation. Explicit formulae with arbitrary d / s are discussed for: the critical temperature (non-zero only if d / s >1); the condensate fraction; the internal energy; and the constant-volume specific heat (found to possess a jump discontinuity only if d / s >2). Classical results are recovered at sufficiently high temperatures. Applications to `ordinary' Bose-Einstein condensation, as well as to photons, phonons, ferro- and antiferromagnetic magnons, and (very specially) to Cooper pairs in superconductivity, are mentioned.
Abstract Bose–Einstein condensation in a Bose gas is studied analytically, in any positive dimensionality ( d > 0) for identical bosons with any energy-momentum positive-exponent ( s > 0) plus an energy gap Δ between the ground state energy ε 0 and the first excited state, i.e. ε = ε 0 for k = 0 and ε = ε 0 + Δ + c s k s , for k > 0, where ℏ k is the particle momentum and c s a constant with dimensions of energy multiplied by a length to the power s > 0. Explicit formula with arbitrary d / s and Δ are obtained and discussed for the critical temperature and the condensed fraction, as well as for the equation of state from where we deduce a generalized Δ independent thermal de Broglie wavelength. Also the internal energy is calculated from where we obtain the isochoric specific heat and its jump at T c . When Δ > 0, for any d > 0 exists a Bose–Einstein critical temperature T c ≠ 0 where the internal energy shows a peak and the specific heat shows a jump. Both the critical temperature and the specific heat jump increase as functions of the gap but they decrease as functions of d / s . At sufficiently high temperatures Δ-independent classical results are recovered while for temperatures below the critical one the gap effects are predominant. For Δ = 0 we recover previous reported results.
The properties of a trapped ideal Bose gas in n -dimensional space are studied. General analytic expressions of the critical temperature of Bose-Einstein condensation, the jump of heat capacity at and the fraction of condensation at temperatures below have been derived. How these physical quantities depend on the external potential, particle characteristics and space dimensionality are discussed. We find that when a proper external potential is taken, Bose-Einstein condensation may occur in any dimensional space.
The thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas of bosons moving freely within layered planes and having a finite amplitude for jumping between neighbouring planes, are derived. As long as this coupling is non-zero, the system becomes effectively two-dimensional at sufficiently high temperatures. At a correspondingly low temperature it undergoes a Bose-Einstein transition into a condensed phase as in three dimensions. Below the critical temperature the specific heat is a universal function of only one dimensionless system variable. The phase transition becomes weaker as the coupling between the planes decreases and eventually disappears when the planes decouple.
In a recent paper [Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 14, 405 (2000)] we discussed the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in the framework of Tsallis’s nonextensive statistical mechanics. In particular, we studied an ideal gas of bosons in a confining harmonic potential. In this memoir we generalize our previous analysis by investigating an ideal Bose gas in a generic power-law external potential. We derive analytical formulas for the energy of the system, the BEC transition temperature and the condensed fraction. PACS numbers: 05.30-d; 03.75.Fi 1 Recently we analyzed the consequences of weak nonextensivity on Bose-Einstein Condensation for an ideal Bose gas 1 by using Tsallis’s nonextensive statistical mechanics (NSM). 2 From the nonextensive Bose-Einstein distribution 3−5 we derived the BEC transition temperature, the condensed fraction and the energy per particle in three different cases: the homogeneous gas, the gas in a harmonic trap and the relativistic homogenous gas. In this short contribution we generalize our previous results by considering the ideal Bose gas in a generic power-law potential. All the calculations are performed by assuming a D-dimensional space. The NSM predicts that, for an ideal quantum gas of identical bosons in the grand canonical ensemble, the weak nonextensivity formula of the average number of particles with energy ǫ is given by 〈n(ǫ)〉q = 1
Using the Boson-Fermion formalism of superconductivity we calculate the condensation energy for several superconductors ranging from conventional to unconventional, or high temperature superconductors. It is calculated as the difference between the Helmholtz free energies of the superconducting and the normal state, which is a gas of N attractive electron gas, while the superconducting state is formed by the condensed Cooper pairs taken as composite bosons, coming from a fraction of the electrons inside the Debye shell, plus those electrons inside and outside the Debye shell that are unable to pair. After giving the analytic expressions for the internal energy U and the entropy S we obtain the Helmholtz free energy F = U -TS for both the superconducting and the normal states as functions of temperature. In the search for universalities, we calculate the ratio of the condensation energy at T=0 to the Sommerfeld constant (the normal state electronic specific heat over the temperature when T it's almost zero) using two different methods: the Boson-Fermion formalism developed here, as well as an analytical expression deduced from a combination of the BCS and Ginzburg-Landau theories. We find for the Boson-Fermion formalism Econd/γ0=0.252 Tc1.997E_{cond}/γ_0= 0.252\,T_{c}^{1.997}Econd​/γ0​=0.252Tc1.997​, which is the same behavior described by the experimental fit of Kim et al Econd/γ0=0.2 Tc2.06E_{cond}/γ_0= 0.2\,T_{c}^{2.06}Econd​/γ0​=0.2Tc2.06​ and by the one recently reported by Tallon et al for overdoped cuprate superconductors; while for the Ginzburg-Landau-BCS we get the expression Econd/γ0=0.236 Tc2E_{cond}/γ_0= 0.236\,T_{c}^{2}Econd​/γ0​=0.236Tc2​, also in very good agreement with the partifirst method.