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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Thermal conductivity and accommodation coefficient of spin-polarized atomic-hydrogen gas

Michael Jaeik Yoo, Thomas J. Greytak

Published Sep 1, 1995• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The thermal conductivity of a spin-polarized atomic-hydrogen gas and its accommodation coefficient on saturated superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films have been determined experimentally using a cell comprised of coaxial cylinders. The thermal conductivity was measured for temperatures 0.3T0.4 K and for magnetic fields 4.00H7.00 T. The value of the thermal conductivity for spin-polarized hydrogen is 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ W/K m for T=0.3 K and H=7.00 T. The measured thermal conductivity is independent of the applied magnetic field, and its magnitude and temperature dependence are in agreement with ab initio calculations for a paramagnetic Bose gas model. No evidence for anomalous transport due to thermal fluctuations in the gas magnetization has been observed. The accommodation coefficient for spin-polarized hydrogen upon saturated superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films for 0.2T0.4 K and 3.00H7.00 T was found to be independent of the applied magnetic field and to be given by the expression ${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{c}}$=(0.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06)T. This value is in agreement with previous measurements of the accommodation and sticking coefficients.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.52.7215

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The thermal conductivity of a spin-polarized atomic-hydrogen gas and its accommodation coefficient on saturated superfluid 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He films have been determined experimentally using a cell comprised of coaxial cylinders. The thermal conductivity was measured for temperatures 0.3T0.4 K and for magnetic fields 4.00H7.00 T. The value of the thermal conductivity for spin-polarized hydrogen is 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10\ensuremath−3{10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}10\ensuremath−3 W/K m for T=0.3 K and H=7.00 T. The measured thermal conductivity is independent of the applied magnetic field, and its magnitude and temperature dependence are in agreement with ab initio calculations for a paramagnetic Bose gas model. No evidence for anomalous transport due to thermal fluctuations in the gas magnetization has been observed. The accommodation coefficient for spin-polarized hydrogen upon saturated superfluid 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He films for 0.2T0.4 K and 3.00H7.00 T was found to be independent of the applied magnetic field and to be given by the expression ac{\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{c}}ac​=(0.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06)T. This value is in agreement with previous measurements of the accommodation and sticking coefficients.
Spin polarized hydrogen and helium are being studied extensively because they are expected to exhibit quantum effects on a macroscopic scale. Here, low density properties of spin polarized hydrogen gas in two and three dimensions are studied using a quantum virial expansion. These properties include heat capacities, chemical potentials, and estimates of critical temperatures and densities for Bose-Einstein condensation in three dimensions and for a possible superfluid transition in two dimensions. The classical virial expansion and the validity of effective-range theory is also discussed. The heat capacity of adsorbed helium films of 3He, 4He and spin polarized 3He is also studied. Virial calculations with a structureless substrate approximation but with substrate mediated corrections to the Lennard-Jones potential are performed as a function of applied magnetic field and magnetization. Effects of substrate potential and geometry on the thermodynamics, low density submonolayer helium films physisorbed on rare gas plated graphite substrates are investigated using a tight-binding formalism and a lattice version of potential scattering theory. A generalization of the formalism to lattices with a basis is made and applied to the honeycomb lattice. The calculations with this theory exhibit systematic trends in the specific heat that are in qualitative agreement with presentlymore » available experimental data.« less
Spin-polarized, atomic hydrogen at temperatures below 1K shows promise of becoming the first physically realizable example of a degenerate, weakly interacting Bose gas. Because of the hyperfine structure of the hydrogen atom the Bose condensed state is expected to exhibit novel magnetic properties such as spin wave excitations of the superfluid and possibly a coherent precessing, spontaneous magnetization. This paper discusses a variety of theoretical problems which arise in the study of atomic hydrogen gas. Theories are presented for spin relaxation of the hyperfine levels and for the recombination of H-atoms into H2 molecules. The problem of the binding of H atoms to a surface of superfluid 4He is reviewed together with the theory of surface superfluidity in the hydrogen film proposed by Edwards and Mantz. Finally we consider the problem of superfluidity in the bulk atomic hydrogen gas. We describe the theory of Siggia and Ruckenstein of double Bose condensation into the two lowest hyperfine states and speculate about the possible observable consequences of this phenomenon.
We carried out experiments on a spin polarized 3He- 4He mixture with 3He concentration x 3 = 6.26 × 10−4, and on pure 3He liquid. Spin polarization affects the transport properties of these Fermi systems. The effect on momentum transport was studied by using a vibrating-wire viscometer to measure viscosity of the 3He-4He mixture over the temperature range 6.09 mK–100 mK in 7.96 T and 1.00 T magnetic fields. A large viscosity increase was observed upon application of the 7.96 T magnetic field for temperature T < TF(TF = 19.5 mK is the Fermi temperature). The observed viscosity is in very good agreement with theoretical calculations for a dilute Fermi gas by Jeon and Mullin [1988, 1989] and Mullin and Jeon [1992]. The polarization effect on spin transport was investigated by measuring the transverse diffusion coefficient D ⊥ in pure 3He liquid at saturated vapor pressure and at 15.85 bar over the temperature range 4.5 mK–159 mK in a 7.96 T magnetic field. We used a pulsed NMR spin echo technique in a field gradient of 16.0 G/cm to do the measurements and fits to the Leggett equations [1970] to obtain D⊥. For T < 20 mK, we found D⊥ is less than measured in earlier experiments at lower magnetic fields. D⊥ does not increase with decreasing temperature as 1/T2, but appears to approach a constant as T → 0 while it is expected that the longitudinal spin diffusion coefficient D∥ ∝ 1/ T2. This is called spin diffusion anisotropy and it was observed for the first time in our 3He liquid experiments. The anisotropy temperature we determined for 3He liquid was Ta = 16.4 ± 2.2 mK at saturated vapor pressure and in a 7.96 T magnetic field. The transverse spin diffusion in 3 He results agree qualitatively with theories proposed by Meyerovich and Musaeflan [1992, 1994]. They also agree qualitatively with theories proposed by Golosov and Ruckenstein [1995, 1998] by extrapolation of the dilute theory to a strongly interacting system.
Magnetic confinement is used to obtain spin-polarized atomic hydrogen (H\ensuremath{\uparrow}) in an openended helium-coated chamber, at densities up to 0.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1017{10}^{17}1017 atoms/cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3. At a field of 10 T and temperature of 0.3 K, confinement times as long as 4 h are achieved. A quantitative study of the confinement times as a function of magnetic field is in excellent agreement with the expected escape from the magnetic potential well accompanied by a very slow loss process. Heat transport measurements confirm that the H\ensuremath{\uparrow} is a gas and an upper limit is placed on the three-body recombination rate.
The magnetic equation of state of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen is reported, relating density to magnetic field ($B\ensuremath{\lesssim}10.5$ T), temperature ($T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}300$ mK), and atomic flux used to fill the sample cell. Densities greater than 1016{10}^{16}1016 atoms/cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3, more than two orders of magnitude greater than initial observations, have been achieved. Results are also presented on the buildup and decay of the density as a function of external conditions. Preliminary observations on the Fermi fluid, atomic deuterium, are reported.
Abstract The quantum-mechanical formulations for the second virial, and the acoustic virial, coefficients are derived for spin-polarized atomic hydrogen (H↓). The dependence of these coefficients on the temperature T as well as the nuclear polarization ζ is analyzed. This is done for the first time. The main inputs in these computations are the scattering phase shifts, which are obtained using the Lippmann-Schwinger equation, with the Silvera triplet-state potential. Starting with these phase shifts, comprehensive calculations of the thermophysical properties for this system are performed for T ranging from 1µK to 100 K, and ζ varying from 0 to 1. These properties include, in addition to the quantum second virial coefficient and the acoustic virial coefficient: the pressure-polarization-temperature (P-ζ-T) behavior, the entropy (per atom), the speed of sound, the second virial correction (to the total internal energy per atom and unit density), and the specific heat capacity (per atom and unit density). The Boyle temperature and the Joule inversion temperature are determined. The T-dependence of these thermophysical properties, and related quantities, is explored. As expected, this dependence is most evident in the low-T limit, where quantum effects predominate. The corresponding ζ-dependence becomes noticeable at 80 K and below. It is observed that the virial coefficients tend to decrease with increasing ζ. Comparison of the present results to previous results are included whenever possible. The overall agreement is very good. As T is lowered, the disruptive effects of thermal energy are weakened relative to the attractive interactions between the atoms. Consequently, the H↓ gas makes a transition to a state of higher order and lower entropy – Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). This is explored carefully.