Physical Review Letters

Magnetic Equation of State of a Gas of Spin-Polarized Atomic Hydrogen

Jook T. M. Walraven, Isaac F. Silvera, A. P. M. Matthey

Published Aug 11, 1980• 83 citations

Abstract

The magnetic equation of state of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen is reported, relating density to magnetic field ($B\ensuremath{\lesssim}10.5$ T), temperature ($T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}300$ mK), and atomic flux used to fill the sample cell. Densities greater than ${10}^{16}$ atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, more than two orders of magnitude greater than initial observations, have been achieved. Results are also presented on the buildup and decay of the density as a function of external conditions. Preliminary observations on the Fermi fluid, atomic deuterium, are reported.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.45.449

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High-density production of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen and deuterium

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Physical Review LettersAug 10, 1987238 citations

Spin-polarized atomic hydrogen: A magnetic gas (invited)

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Physical Review Letters

Magnetic Equation of State of a Gas of Spin-Polarized Atomic Hydrogen

Jook T. M. Walraven, Isaac F. Silvera, A. P. M. Matthey

Published Aug 11, 1980• 83 citations

Publisher

Abstract

The magnetic equation of state of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen is reported, relating density to magnetic field (

B\ensuremath{\lesssim}10.5

T), temperature (

T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}300

mK), and atomic flux used to fill the sample cell. Densities greater than

{10}^{16}

atoms/

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

, more than two orders of magnitude greater than initial observations, have been achieved. Results are also presented on the buildup and decay of the density as a function of external conditions. Preliminary observations on the Fermi fluid, atomic deuterium, are reported.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.45.449

Related papers

High-density production of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen and deuterium

Matt Poelker, K. P. Coulter, Roy J. Holt +5 more

The electron polarization of hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) atoms in a spin-exchange optical-pumping apparatus has been measured as a function of H (D) density and magnetic-field strength. The atomic density was varied between 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{13}$ and 2.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{14}$ atoms/ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and the magnetic-field strength from 120 to 400 mT. The results suggest that the atoms approach spin-temperature equilibrium even though the magnetic fields are large compared to the critical fields of the atoms.The electron polarization of hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) atoms in a spin-exchange optical-pumping apparatus has been measured as a function of H (D) density and magnetic-field strength. The atomic density was varied between 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ and 2.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and the magnetic-field strength from 120 to 400 mT. The results suggest that the atoms approach spin-temperature equilibrium even though the magnetic fields are large compared to the critical fields of the atoms.

Physical Review ASep 1, 199420 citations

Magnetic trapping of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen

Harald F. Hess, Greg Kochanski, John M. Doyle +3 more

We have confined over 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{12}$ atoms of hydrogen in a static magnetic trap. The atoms are loaded into the trap by precooling with a dilution refrigerator. At operating densities near 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ the gas is observed to be electron and nuclear polarized in the uppermost hyperfine state. The long lifetime of the trapped gas (over 20 min) suggests that it is thermally decoupled from the wall and has evaporatively cooled to a temperature of about 40 mK. The residual decay of the gas density is consistent with spin relaxation induced by dipolar interactions between atoms.We have confined over 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ atoms of hydrogen in a static magnetic trap. The atoms are loaded into the trap by precooling with a dilution refrigerator. At operating densities near 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ the gas is observed to be electron and nuclear polarized in the uppermost hyperfine state. The long lifetime of the trapped gas (over 20 min) suggests that it is thermally decoupled from the wall and has evaporatively cooled to a temperature of about 40 mK. The residual decay of the gas density is consistent with spin relaxation induced by dipolar interactions between atoms.

Physical Review LettersAug 10, 1987238 citations

Spin-polarized atomic hydrogen: A magnetic gas (invited)

Isaac F. Silvera, Jook T. M. Walraven

Atomic hydrogen (H) has recently been created in a long-lived state referred to as spin-polarized atomic hydrogen (H↓). A moderate density gas (n≃1017 atoms/ cc) has been produced at temperatures T≃400 mK. H↓ is predicted to be the only atomic substance that remains gaseous to T = 0 K; current experiments are consistent with this picture. Since the H↓ atoms behave as composite bosons the gas is expected to have a Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) and related superfluidity at a sufficiently high density or low temperature. H↓ is expected to display spectacular static and dynamic properties. Since the gas is polarized, the dominant electronic magnetization, M⃗e, is proportional to the atomic density. In an inhomogeneous magnetic field M⃗e will also be highly inhomogeneous. BEC will be spatially localized and the static M⃗e should be an identifying feature of this state. The low-lying excitation spectrum should not only feature electronic and nuclear spin-transitions, but should also have magnetic translational modes of the gas. The experimental technique for stabilization of H↓ as well as many of the predicted magnetic properties are discussed.Atomic hydrogen (H) has recently been created in a long-lived state referred to as spin-polarized atomic hydrogen (H↓). A moderate density gas (n≃1017 atoms/ cc) has been produced at temperatures T≃400 mK. H↓ is predicted to be the only atomic substance that remains gaseous to T = 0 K; current experiments are consistent with this picture. Since the H↓ atoms behave as composite bosons the gas is expected to have a Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) and related superfluidity at a sufficiently high density or low temperature. H↓ is expected to display spectacular static and dynamic properties. Since the gas is polarized, the dominant electronic magnetization, M⃗e, is proportional to the atomic density. In an inhomogeneous magnetic field M⃗e will also be highly inhomogeneous. BEC will be spatially localized and the static M⃗e should be an identifying feature of this state. The low-lying excitation spectrum should not only feature electronic and nuclear spin-transitions, but should also have magnetic translational modes of the gas. The experimental technique for stabilization of H↓ as well as many of the predicted magnetic properties are discussed.

Journal of Applied PhysicsMar 1, 198117 citations

Spin-polarized atomic hydrogen in very strong magnetic fields

Henk T. C. Stoof, L.P.H. de Goey, BOUDEWIJN J. VERHAAR +1 more

Physical review. B, Condensed matterDec 1, 19886 citations

Spin-polarized atomic hydrogen in very strong magnetic fields

Hendricus Theodorus Christiaan Stoof, L. P. H. Degoey, BOUDEWIJN J. VERHAAR +1 more

Jan 1, 19890 citations

Continuous-wave NMR in spin-polarized atomic hydrogen

S. Penttilä, Tapio O. Niinikoski, J.M. Rieubland +1 more

Simultaneous continuous-wave NMR and total-pressure measurements on spin-polarized atomic hydrogen gas in a 5-T magnetic field are reported. During sample loading we observe positive nuclear polarization. The rf susceptibility of the decaying sample is nonlinearly related to the density. This and the anomalous NMR line shape are discussed in light of the identical spin-rotation effect and the hydrodynamic spin-wave model. The analysis of the time evolution of the NMR signal area and of the pressure gives the two-body exchange recombination-rate coefficients ${K}_{\mathrm{aa}}$ =1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and ${K}_{\mathrm{ab}}$ =1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, and the one-body relaxation rate ${G}_{1}$ =1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ in the absence of rf field, at T=370 mK.Simultaneous continuous-wave NMR and total-pressure measurements on spin-polarized atomic hydrogen gas in a 5-T magnetic field are reported. During sample loading we observe positive nuclear polarization. The rf susceptibility of the decaying sample is nonlinearly related to the density. This and the anomalous NMR line shape are discussed in light of the identical spin-rotation effect and the hydrodynamic spin-wave model. The analysis of the time evolution of the NMR signal area and of the pressure gives the two-body exchange recombination-rate coefficients ${K}_{\mathrm{aa}}$=1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and ${K}_{\mathrm{ab}}$=1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, and the one-body relaxation rate ${G}_{1}$=1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ in the absence of rf field, at T=370 mK.

Physical review. B, Condensed matterSep 1, 19871 citation

The magnetic equation of state of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen is reported, relating density to magnetic field (

B\ensuremath{\lesssim}10.5

T), temperature (

T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}300

mK), and atomic flux used to fill the sample cell. Densities greater than

{10}^{16}

atoms/

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

{10}^{13}

and 2.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}

{10}^{14}

atoms/

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

and the magnetic-field strength from 120 to 400 mT. The results suggest that the atoms approach spin-temperature equilibrium even though the magnetic fields are large compared to the critical fields of the atoms.

We have confined over 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}

{10}^{12}

atoms of hydrogen in a static magnetic trap. The atoms are loaded into the trap by precooling with a dilution refrigerator. At operating densities near 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}

{10}^{13}

${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ the gas is observed to be electron and nuclear polarized in the uppermost hyperfine state. The long lifetime of the trapped gas (over 20 min) suggests that it is thermally decoupled from the wall and has evaporatively cooled to a temperature of about 40 mK. The residual decay of the gas density is consistent with spin relaxation induced by dipolar interactions between atoms.

{K}_{\mathrm{aa}}

=1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}19}$

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and

{K}_{\mathrm{ab}}

=1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}19}$

{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}

${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, and the one-body relaxation rate

{G}_{1}

=1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ in the absence of rf field, at T=370 mK.