A Principle of Duality and the Causal Law

Steven P. Sourbron

Ernest H. Hutten

Quantum theory has created a fundamental change in our ideas as relativity theory had done before. But while relativity theory is essentially classical in its conceptions—it is in fact the culmination of classical physics—quantum mechanics is founded on some new principles. The quantum laws are very different in character from the laws we find in classical theory. In particular, quantum mechanics is a strictly statistical type of theory : from this arises the different conception of causality that marks the new outlook of modern physics. Classical theory describes the so-called macroscopic phenomena, that is, things and events which are more or less of the same size and kind as we find them in ordinary life; and so a description can be given in terms of concepts close to the ones we use in ordinary language. The language of quantum mechanics is based upon a duality principle ; and most of our ordinary language is equally dualistic.

Jun Meng, Huize Yu

Aiming at the contradiction between the uncertainty principle and the law of causality, this paper proves that the evolution of all systems is a causal model rather than a probability model. The introduction of observers is equivalent to increasing the dimensionality of the system, so the observation results of the high-dimensional coupled system cannot be used to predict the original low-dimensional system. Even if some systems in the quantum world cannot make long-term predictions, they can still achieve short-term predictions through the Lyapunov index.In addition, this article explains the wave-particle duality, thinking that the particles themselves are actually in the form of energy storage gyroscopes. The high-speed spin of the particle itself produces fluctuations in the energy of the neighboring universe, and at this time the observer's observation intervention affects the observed particle and its environmental energy fluctuations. Furthermore, this article believes that the description of the uncertainty principle is a subset of the initial sensitivity of the manifold in the chaotic state. The definition of the uncertainty principle itself does not exist, and is not rigorous.

Philipp G. Frank, Robert S. Cohen

Francis T. S. Yu

Every physical science existed within our temporal subspace must be temporal (i.e., t>0); otherwise it is a virtual (or fictitious) science as mathematics does. The burden of a scientific postulation is to proof it is existed within our universe and then find the solution. In this article we will show that, there exists a duality between science and mathematics in which any scientific postulation has to be shown it is satisfied all the boundary conditions within our temporal universe, before accepting it as a real physical science. Otherwise their virtual solution is not guarantee it is a physical science. One of the important conditions must be the causality condition (i.e., t>0) for which to confirm a solution is temporal and existed within our universe. Since the entire fundamental laws of science are mathematics, which includes the Maxwell equations, as well the Schrödinger equation, without the imposition of causality condition we are not sure that the solution is a physically real science within our universe. Since we have shown Schrödinger quantum mechanics is timeless, we will show what would happen if his timeless superposition principle is plunging within a temporal space. In which we have found that, timeless space is a virtual-abstract space that only existed in an absolute empty space with zero time (i.e., t = 0). And we have seen that only quantum physicists can implant a physical model into an empty subspace, as Schrödinger did. But empty space and temporal space are mutually excluded.