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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Transformed number states from a generalized Bogoliubov transformation and their relationships to the eigenstates of the Kossakowski–Lindblad equation

Buang Ann Tay

Published May 19, 2011• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We use a generalized Bogoliubov transformation to construct a set of transformed occupation number states of the harmonic oscillator in the Liouville space. General expressions for the expansion coefficients of these states in the bare number basis are obtained and the properties of these states investigated. The transformation is non-dynamical in nature and divides the transformed basis into disconnected correlation subspaces under the transformation. The basis is complete and orthonormal. Elements of the basis are in general mixed states, and the state with the lowest number indices is the thermal vacuum. Since the Kossakowski–Lindblad (KL) equation remains form invariant under the same transformation, the transformation parameter can be identified to the thermal parameter of the master equation. The transformed states then acquire thermal property through this connection. We also work out the explicit expressions of the transformation matrices between the transformed states and the eigenstates of the KL equation for different temperatures.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/44/25/255303

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We use a generalized Bogoliubov transformation to construct a set of transformed occupation number states of the harmonic oscillator in the Liouville space. General expressions for the expansion coefficients of these states in the bare number basis are obtained and the properties of these states investigated. The transformation is non-dynamical in nature and divides the transformed basis into disconnected correlation subspaces under the transformation. The basis is complete and orthonormal. Elements of the basis are in general mixed states, and the state with the lowest number indices is the thermal vacuum. Since the Kossakowski–Lindblad (KL) equation remains form invariant under the same transformation, the transformation parameter can be identified to the thermal parameter of the master equation. The transformed states then acquire thermal property through this connection. We also work out the explicit expressions of the transformation matrices between the transformed states and the eigenstates of the KL equation for different temperatures.
We develop an exact analytical framework for studying the nonequilibrium dynamics of interacting quantum harmonic oscillators coupled to a modelled thermal reservoir and driven by external classical fields. The total Hamiltonian is diagonalized via successive Bogoliubov transformations, enabling a nonperturbative treatment of dissipation and driving. For two coupled oscillators with an external source applied to the first, we derive explicit energy expressions and analyze their dependence on coupling and bath parameters. The phase-space structure is characterized through Husimi QQQ-functions for initial separable coherent and number states. We obtain the reduced density matrix elements in the number-state basis and demonstrate that, in the absence of driving and at zero temperature, the reduced density matrix of the main system satisfies the Lindblad master equation. A generating function for the Husimi function is introduced to facilitate computation of higher-order correlations. The analysis is then generalized to nnn interacting oscillators, with analytical energy expressions provided and the case n=3n=3n=3 examined in detail. Our results establish a versatile and exact framework for driven-dissipative quantum systems, with potential applications in quantum thermodynamics, open quantum systems, and many-body physics.
The quantum Markovian master equation of the reduced dynamics of a harmonic oscillator coupled to a thermal reservoir is shown to possess thermal symmetry. This symmetry is revealed by a Bogoliubov transformation that can be represented by a hyperbolic rotation acting on the Liouville space of the reduced dynamics. The Liouville space is obtained as an extension of the Hilbert space through the introduction of tilde variables used in the thermofield dynamics formalism. The angle of rotation depends on the temperature of the reservoir, as well as the value of Planck's constant. This symmetry relates the thermal states of the system at any two temperatures. This includes absolute zero, at which purely quantum effects are revealed. The Caldeira-Leggett equation and the classical Fokker-Planck equation also possess thermal symmetry. We compare the thermal symmetry obtained from the Bogoliubov transformation in related fields and discuss the effects of the symmetry on the shape of a Gaussian wave packet.
Considering a simple generalization of the (p,q)-deformed boson oscillator algebra, which leads to a two-parameter deformed bosonic algebra in an infinite dimensional subspace of the harmonic oscillator Hilbert space without first finite Fock states, we establish a new harmonic oscillator realization of the deformed boson operators based on the Bogoliubov (p,q)-transformations. We obtain exact expressions for the transformation coefficients and show that they depend on arbitrary functions of p and q which can be interpreted as the parameters of the (p,q)-deformed GL(2,C) group. We also examine the existence and structure of the corresponding deformed Fock-space representation for our problem.
The eigenvalue problem of Kossakowski-Linblad’s kinetic equation associated with the reduced density matrix of a harmonic oscillator interacting with a thermal bath in equilibrium is solved. The solution gives rise to a complete orthogonal eigenbasis endowed with Hilbert space structure that has a weighted norm. We find that the eigenfunctions at finite temperature can be obtained from the eigenfunction at zero temperature through a hyperbolic rotation on the position variables. This transformation enables the extension of the simple harmonic oscillator density matrix to that of a finite temperature. We further investigate the decay of these extended states under our dissipative kinetic equation. Furthermore, the Hilbert space structure enables the proof of a H-theorem in this system. We apply the eigenbasis expansion of an initial state to analyze decohorence as well as coherence processes. We find that coherence process occurs at a longer time scale compared to decoherence process. The time scales of both processes are estimated with the eigenbasis expansion. In the same way we analyze the evolution of the coherent state. We show that in addition to the ordinary decay time, we found another time scale which is defined by the time when the motion of the peak of the coherent state become comparative to the width of the coherent state. In contrast to the ordinary decay time this new relaxation time depends on the initial value of the momentum of the oscillator. We also find that our eigenbasis is applicable to a class of non-linear interactions, with a slight extension of the form of transport coefficients due to the non-linear interactions.
In the framework of the Lindblad theory for open quantum systems the damping of the harmonic oscillator is studied. A generalization of the fundamental constraints on quantum mechanical diffusion coefficients which appear in the master equation for the damped quantum oscillator is presented; the Schrödinger and Heisenberg representations of the Lindblad equation are given explicitly. On the basis of these representations it is shown that various master equations for the damped quantum oscillator used in the literature are particular cases of the Lindblad equation and that the majority of these equations are not satisfying the constraints on quantum mechanical diffusion coefficients. Analytical expressions for the first two moments of coordinate and momentum are also obtained by using the characteristic function of the Lindblad master equation. The master equation is transformed into Fokker-Planck equations for quasiprobability distributions. A comparative study is made for the Glauber PPP representation, the antinormal ordering QQQ representation and the Wigner WWW representation. It is proven that the variances for the damped harmonic oscillator found with these representations are the same. By solving the Fokker-Planck equations in the steady state, it is shown that the quasiprobability distributions are two-dimensional Gaussians with widths determined by the diffusion coefficients. The density matrix is represented via a generating function, which is obtained by solving a time-dependent linear partial differential equation derived from the master equation. Illustrative examples for specific initial conditions of the density matrix are provided.