Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Journal of Quantum Information Science

Quantum Entanglement as a Consequence of a Cantorian Micro Spacetime Geometry

Mohamed Saladin El Naschie

Published Jan 1, 2011• 65 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Building upon the pioneering work of J. Bell [1] and an incredible result due to L. Hardy [2] it was shown that the probability of quantum entanglement of two particles is a maximum of 9.0169945 percent [2]. This happens to be exactly the golden mean to the power of five (?5) [3-7]. Although it has gone largely unnoticed for a long time, this result was essentially established independently in a much wider context by the present author almost two decades ago [3-6]. The present work gives two fundamentally different derivations of Hardy’s beautiful result leading to precisely the same general conclusion, namely that by virtue of the zero measure of the underlying Cantorian-fractal spacetime geometry the notion of spatial separability in quantum physics is devoid of any meaning [7]. The first derivation is purely logical and uses a probability theory which combines the discrete with the continuum. The second derivation is purely geometrical and topological using the fundamental equations of a theory developed by the author and his collaborators frequently referred to as E-infinity or Cantorian spacetime theory [3-7].

DOI
10.4236/jqis.2011.12007

Related papers

Quantum Golden Mean Entanglement Test as the Signature of the Fractality of Micro Spacetime

Ji‐Huan He, L. Marek-Crnjac, Mohamed Atef Helal +2 more

Is the world really more than four dimensional or for instance an eleven dimensional M-theory as proposed by Witten? The present Letter suggests that it is an eleven dimensional fractal. Based on this assumption it is shown that the probability of quantum entanglement is exactly equal to that predicted by L. Hardy’s well known criteria. It is further argued that this is an indirect but strong indication for the reality of the Cantorian fractal nature of micro spacetime.

•Jan 13, 2016•18 citations

Three Quantum Particles Hardy Entanglement from the Topology of Cantorian-Fractal Spacetime and the Casimir Effect as Dark Energy – A Great Opportunity for Nanotechnology

Mohamed Saladin El Naschie

The present work brings together three different fields which depend crucially upon nano hardware under the umbrella of E-infinity theoretical framework. We start by following E-infinity topological methodology by dividing Hardy’s entanglement into two parts, a global ‘counterfactual’ part given by Φ3 where Φ = 2/(1+ √5) and a ‘local’ part Φn where n is the number of quantum particles. For Hardy’s celebrated gedankenexperiment with two quantum particles, which was moreover experimentally confirmed with high accuracy, the quantum probability is found for n = 2 to be P(2) (Hardy) = Φ3+2= Φ5 exactly as calculated by Hardy using orthodox quantum mechanics. Applying the same topological E-infinity entanglement theory to three quantum particles give a maximal Φ6 as well as a three partite much smaller value equal Φ3(1− Φ3)/ = 0.018033989. We conclude by outlining the relevant and extremely timely ideas and remarks on the possible connection, via a state of the art nanotechnology, to the Casimir effect as a conjectured origin of dark energy.

American Journal of Nano Research and Applications•Feb 6, 2015•5 citations

Note on the Golden Mean, Nonlocality in Quantum Mechanics and Fractal Cantorian Spacetime

Carlos Castro

Given the inverse of the Golden Mean $ \tau^{ -1} = \phi = { 1\over 2} (\sqrt 5 - 1)$, it is known that the continuous fraction expansion of $ \phi^{ -1} = 1 + \phi = \tau$ is $ ( 1, 1, 1, \cdots )$. Integer solutions for the pairs of numbers $ ( d_i, n_i ), i = 1, 2, 3, \cdots $ are found obeying the equation $ ( 1 + \phi)^n = d + \phi^n$. The latter equation was inspired from El Naschie's formulation of fractal Cantorian space time $ {\cal E}_\infty$, and such that it furnishes the continuous fraction expansion of $ ( 1 + \phi )^n ~= ~ (d, d, d, d, \cdots )$, generalizing the original expression for the Golden mean. Hardy showed that is possible to demonstrate nonlocality without using Bell inequalities for two particles prepared in $nonmaximally$ entangled states. The maximal probability of obtaining his nonlocality proof was found to be precisely $\phi^5$. Zheng showed that three-particle nonmaximally entangled states revealed quantum nonlocality without using inequalities, and the maximal probability of obtaining the nonlocality proof was found to be $ 0.25 \sim \phi^3 = 0.236$. Given that the two-parameter $ p, q$ quantum-calculus deformations of the integers $ [ n ]_{ p, q} = F_n $ $coincide$ precisely with the Fibonacci numbers, as a result of Binet's formula when $ p = ( 1 + \phi) = \tau, q = - \phi = - \tau^{ -1} $, we explore further the implications of these results in the quantum entanglement of two-particle spin-$s$ states. We finalize with some remarks on the generalized Binet's formula corresponding to generalized Fibonacci sequences.

•Jan 1, 2019•0 citations

NONCOMMUTATIVE GEOMETRY, NEGATIVE PROBABILITIES AND CANTORIAN-FRACTAL SPACETIME

Carlos Castro

A straightforward explanation of the Young's two-slit experiment of a quantum particle is obtained within the framework of the Noncommutative Geometric associated with El Naschie's Cantorian-Fractal transfinite Spacetime continuum.

•Jan 31, 2013•11 citations

Withdrawn

Marc Alexander Bisset

A geometric interpretation of quantum entanglement as the polar structure of the electromagnetic closure sphere, deriving the Tsirelson bound as a consequence of spherical topology rather than quantum formalism. This paper proposes that quantum entanglement is not a correlation between two separate systems but the polar structure of a single spherically confined field. Every confined field — whether gravitational, electromagnetic, or strong — closes at a boundary defined by the universal condition C = g². This closure sphere is a global topological object with two poles. What we call an entangled pair is not two particles but two observers at opposite poles of one such sphere. From this picture, the non-locality of entanglement is not mysterious — it is the straightforward consequence of attempting to assign separate spatial addresses to the poles of a geometric object that has no spatial address of its own. Measurement defines an orientation globally, not locally. No signal passes. The Tsirelson bound — the maximum violation of Bell inequalities permitted by quantum mechanics — is shown to be a direct consequence of spherical geometry, independent of which force confines the field. All spheres in three dimensions have the same polar topology and the same maximum pole correlation

•Mar 18, 2026•0 citations

The Geometric Origin of Quantum Probability in 4-Dimensional Spacetime

Andre Peter Steynberg

Standard quantum mechanics interprets the probabilistic nature of particle interactions as a fundamental, irreducible property of the universe. This paper demonstrates that quantum probability is not an ontological fundamental of the entities themselves, but a geometric artifact derived from observing 5-dimensional continuous functions from restricted 4-dimensional spacetime. Under the Geometric Monism framework, an electron is modeled not as a discrete point-particle, but as a localized 4D twist representing a node of a continuous 5-dimensional Planck-scale standing wave. Because this standing wave cycles between 4D spacetime and the 5D bulk, the individual 4D node possesses a strict 50% temporal accessibility. When two independent entities interact, this individual 50% geometric restriction naturally yields a 25% joint accessibility, perfectly mirroring the 1/4 initial-state probability matrices of standard Quantum Electrodynamics. Combined with a strict 50% geometric probability of encountering a compatible opposite chiral twist (spin), these dimensional limits naturally manifest as probabilistic statistics to a 4D observer. Quantum field theory is therefore reinterpreted not as the fundamental ontology of reality, but as a highly accurate, necessary statistical framework for modeling under-sampled 5-dimensional continuum mechanics.

•Apr 10, 2026•0 citations
Building upon the pioneering work of J. Bell [1] and an incredible result due to L. Hardy [2] it was shown that the probability of quantum entanglement of two particles is a maximum of 9.0169945 percent [2]. This happens to be exactly the golden mean to the power of five (?5) [3-7]. Although it has gone largely unnoticed for a long time, this result was essentially established independently in a much wider context by the present author almost two decades ago [3-6]. The present work gives two fundamentally different derivations of Hardy’s beautiful result leading to precisely the same general conclusion, namely that by virtue of the zero measure of the underlying Cantorian-fractal spacetime geometry the notion of spatial separability in quantum physics is devoid of any meaning [7]. The first derivation is purely logical and uses a probability theory which combines the discrete with the continuum. The second derivation is purely geometrical and topological using the fundamental equations of a theory developed by the author and his collaborators frequently referred to as E-infinity or Cantorian spacetime theory [3-7].
The present work brings together three different fields which depend crucially upon nano hardware under the umbrella of E-infinity theoretical framework. We start by following E-infinity topological methodology by dividing Hardy’s entanglement into two parts, a global ‘counterfactual’ part given by Φ3 where Φ = 2/(1+ √5) and a ‘local’ part Φn where n is the number of quantum particles. For Hardy’s celebrated gedankenexperiment with two quantum particles, which was moreover experimentally confirmed with high accuracy, the quantum probability is found for n = 2 to be P(2) (Hardy) = Φ3+2= Φ5 exactly as calculated by Hardy using orthodox quantum mechanics. Applying the same topological E-infinity entanglement theory to three quantum particles give a maximal Φ6 as well as a three partite much smaller value equal Φ3(1− Φ3)/ = 0.018033989. We conclude by outlining the relevant and extremely timely ideas and remarks on the possible connection, via a state of the art nanotechnology, to the Casimir effect as a conjectured origin of dark energy.
Given the inverse of the Golden Mean $ \tau^{ -1} = \phi = { 1\over 2} (\sqrt 5 - 1)$, it is known that the continuous fraction expansion of $ \phi^{ -1} = 1 + \phi = \tau$ is $ ( 1, 1, 1, \cdots )$. Integer solutions for the pairs of numbers $ ( d_i, n_i ), i = 1, 2, 3, \cdots $ are found obeying the equation $ ( 1 + \phi)^n = d + \phi^n$. The latter equation was inspired from El Naschie's formulation of fractal Cantorian space time $ {\cal E}_\infty$, and such that it furnishes the continuous fraction expansion of $ ( 1 + \phi )^n ~= ~ (d, d, d, d, \cdots )$, generalizing the original expression for the Golden mean. Hardy showed that is possible to demonstrate nonlocality without using Bell inequalities for two particles prepared in nonmaximallynonmaximallynonmaximally entangled states. The maximal probability of obtaining his nonlocality proof was found to be precisely ϕ5\phi^5ϕ5. Zheng showed that three-particle nonmaximally entangled states revealed quantum nonlocality without using inequalities, and the maximal probability of obtaining the nonlocality proof was found to be $ 0.25 \sim \phi^3 = 0.236$. Given that the two-parameter $ p, q$ quantum-calculus deformations of the integers $ [ n ]_{ p, q} = F_n $ coincidecoincidecoincide precisely with the Fibonacci numbers, as a result of Binet's formula when $ p = ( 1 + \phi) = \tau, q = - \phi = - \tau^{ -1} ,weexplorefurthertheimplicationsoftheseresultsinthequantumentanglementoftwo−particlespin−, we explore further the implications of these results in the quantum entanglement of two-particle spin-,weexplorefurthertheimplicationsoftheseresultsinthequantumentanglementoftwo−particlespin−s$ states. We finalize with some remarks on the generalized Binet's formula corresponding to generalized Fibonacci sequences.
A geometric interpretation of quantum entanglement as the polar structure of the electromagnetic closure sphere, deriving the Tsirelson bound as a consequence of spherical topology rather than quantum formalism. This paper proposes that quantum entanglement is not a correlation between two separate systems but the polar structure of a single spherically confined field. Every confined field — whether gravitational, electromagnetic, or strong — closes at a boundary defined by the universal condition C = g². This closure sphere is a global topological object with two poles. What we call an entangled pair is not two particles but two observers at opposite poles of one such sphere. From this picture, the non-locality of entanglement is not mysterious — it is the straightforward consequence of attempting to assign separate spatial addresses to the poles of a geometric object that has no spatial address of its own. Measurement defines an orientation globally, not locally. No signal passes. The Tsirelson bound — the maximum violation of Bell inequalities permitted by quantum mechanics — is shown to be a direct consequence of spherical geometry, independent of which force confines the field. All spheres in three dimensions have the same polar topology and the same maximum pole correlation
Standard quantum mechanics interprets the probabilistic nature of particle interactions as a fundamental, irreducible property of the universe. This paper demonstrates that quantum probability is not an ontological fundamental of the entities themselves, but a geometric artifact derived from observing 5-dimensional continuous functions from restricted 4-dimensional spacetime. Under the Geometric Monism framework, an electron is modeled not as a discrete point-particle, but as a localized 4D twist representing a node of a continuous 5-dimensional Planck-scale standing wave. Because this standing wave cycles between 4D spacetime and the 5D bulk, the individual 4D node possesses a strict 50% temporal accessibility. When two independent entities interact, this individual 50% geometric restriction naturally yields a 25% joint accessibility, perfectly mirroring the 1/4 initial-state probability matrices of standard Quantum Electrodynamics. Combined with a strict 50% geometric probability of encountering a compatible opposite chiral twist (spin), these dimensional limits naturally manifest as probabilistic statistics to a 4D observer. Quantum field theory is therefore reinterpreted not as the fundamental ontology of reality, but as a highly accurate, necessary statistical framework for modeling under-sampled 5-dimensional continuum mechanics.