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Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

Double Resonance Phenomena of Neon in Spontaneous Emission from Lower Laser Level

T. Yabuzaki, Toru Ogawa

Published Mar 1, 1973• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Double resonance phenomena of a gaseous laser in the spontaneous emission from the lower laser level is studied, especially for the case of the He-Ne laser operating at 0.633 µm-π transitions. Magnetic resonances of the laser levels 3 s 2 and 2 p 4 of neon make the intensity of the 0.609 µm line from the 2 p 4 level increased and decreased, respectively, and can be observed even when the g -factors of these levels are the same. The linewidths of the resonance lines depend only upon the relaxation of alignment.

DOI
10.1143/jpsj.34.769

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Summary form only given, as follows. We investigated the hidden alignment of Ne plasma in a magnetic field observing the optical characteristics of the medium-absorption and refraction. A tunable single frequency laser beam was used as a probe beam. Depending on the direction of the applied magnetic field and the geometry of observation, the dependence of the plasma birefringence or dichroism on the magnetic field was registered. The dye laser was tuned to /spl lambda/=607.4 nm (2p/sub 3/-1s/sub 4/ Ne transition). The dependence on the external magnetic field of the laser beam intensity passed through the Ne discharge cell was registered, for various laser frequencies in the limits of the absorption line. At the edge of the absorption line, the signal of the dichroism consists of two Lorentzian components while at the center of the absorption line the wide component is absent. The wide component width depends on neon pressure as: H(P)=(1.64/spl plusmn/0.03) gauss + P(torr) (0.33/spl plusmn/0.08) gauss/torr. This value is in a good agreement with other results concerning the lifetime of the 1s/sub 4/ state. The mechanism of alignment formation in this state is not clear. This state could not be aligned by light absorption following a quantitative calculation. The irradiation of atoms is isotropic within the limits of all the absorption line because of the high magnitude of absorption for the 1s/sub 4/-1s/sub 0/ transition. We consider the optical pumping as the most probable mechanism for alignment of this state. The magnitude of absorption on the s-p neon transitions are not high. The intensity of the spontaneous emission beam along the tube is greater than in the perpendicular direction. If the quantization axis coincides with the tube axis, this beam empties the magnetic sublevels with M=/spl plusmn/1, thus creating longitudinal alignment. The absence of a signal at the center of the absorption line can be explained by the high selfabsorption on the s-p transitions. The width of the narrow component of the signal is approximately 0.7 gauss. Its pressure dependence is small. We have established experimentally the absence of signals of such width in the spontaneous emission from 2p levels. Hence, all optical mechanisms of alignment transmission from higher or from lower states to the 1s/sub 4/ state are excluded. Apparently this signal arises from alignment of metastable state 1s/sub 5/. In our opinion the collisions are the most probable mechanism of alignment transmission.

Trans Black Sea Region Symposium on Applied Electromagnetism•Nov 11, 2002•0 citations
Double resonance phenomena of a gaseous laser in the spontaneous emission from the lower laser level is studied, especially for the case of the He-Ne laser operating at 0.633 µm-π transitions. Magnetic resonances of the laser levels 3 s 2 and 2 p 4 of neon make the intensity of the 0.609 µm line from the 2 p 4 level increased and decreased, respectively, and can be observed even when the g -factors of these levels are the same. The linewidths of the resonance lines depend only upon the relaxation of alignment.
The theory of double-resonance phenomena, or the simultaneous action of optical transitions and rf perturbations between the Zeeman sublevels of an atom, is extended to the induced emission and absorption processes effected by the monochromatic radiation and the discrete resonances involved in the gas laser. Expressions for the probability amplitudes of the Zeeman sublevels under such conditions are derived from time-dependent perturbation theory, the lifetimes of the states being introduced in a phenomenological way. Zeeman splittings of both upper and lower states involved in the laser transition are considered, and an effective term diagram used to discuss the results. Small signal approximations are applied to consider some specific cases, which show that the light beats seen in spontaneous emission when the rf frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ equals the Larmor frequency, and in other instances, do not occur in induced emission unless such frequencies coincide with axial resonances of the laser cavity. Variations in the intensity and resonance effects are indicated at Zeeman splittings corresponding to ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, with similar variations in the amplitude of any beat frequencies due to multiple axial resonances. Additional coherence effects occur where levels cross, which will give rise to changes in the intensity and polarization of the induced emission at the corresponding frequency.
The simultaneous action of a RF perturbation between the Zeeman sublevels of an atomic transition, which is also sustaining laser oscillations, is given further consideration. General equations are derived that describe the phenomena in a rotating effective magnetic field basis. These are valid for any level of the RF perturbation, being then solved by iteration to third order in the laser electric field and integrated exactly over the atomic velocity distribution. Results are given for single-π-mode laser operation on aJ = 1 \rightarrow 0transition and for single-mode operation on each of the well-resolved σ components of the Zeeman splitting. The extension to more complex transitions, such as aJ = 1 \rightarrow 2, is then given. A dominant resonance peak in the laser intensity occurs when the RF equals the Zeeman splitting of either the upper or lower states of the transition. Population differences amongst the upper sublevels are more effective than those between the lower sublevels and give the smallest resonance widths. For operation on the σ modes, the main effect is a reduction in the saturation coefficient β, together with smaller changes in the coupling coefficients θ between the oscillations. Such changes will affect the general behavior near the singular points of the nonlinear equations, and will change the shape of the curves of mode intensities as functions of cavity detuning and magnetic field.
Under conditions of interaction between a high-intensity traveling laser wave and the 3s2–2p4 neon transition, a narrow component due to saturation of high-order absorption was recorded in a difference magnetooptic resonance. This component was due to field-induced coherence between magnetic sublevels with the quantum numbers ±2 of the 2p4 level (hexadecapole moment) and was used to determine the relaxation constant Γ4n. The collisional broadening ∂Γ4n/∂p determined as a result of a mathematical analysis of the magnetic spectrograms was 3 ± 0.3 MHz/Torr. The collisional broadening of the alignment relaxation constant of the 2p4 level measured under the same conditions was 4 ± 0.2 MHz/Torr.
The authors have investigated the zero-field level crossing lineshape in resonance absorption. A single-mode HeNe laser beam at 633 nm is applied to an external neon-gas absorption cell in a longitudinal magnetic field. They compare the measured lineshapes with theoretical predictions. Two superposed nonlinear Lorentzian-shaped resonances, known as the population effect of the 2p 4 -3s 2 transition and the Zeeman coherence effect of the lower 2p 4 level, appear on the background caused by the inhomogeneous broadening. Taking into account the background and the power broadening the authors obtain the linewidths at zero pressure gamma (2p 4 ,3s 2 )=(7.7+or-2.1) MHz and gamma (2p 4 )=(8.4+or-1.2) MHz. For the neon pressure broadening the authors get for pressures below 200 Pa (1.5 Torr) d gamma (2p 4 ,3s 2 )/dp=0.20+or-0.02 MHz Pa -1 and d(2p 4 )/dp=0.040+or-0.007 MHz Pa -1 . Their values are in acceptable agreement with the values obtained with other spectroscopic methods.
We have measured the relaxation rate of alignment of neon atoms in a 2p2 (in Paschen notation) level, which were excited by a linearly polarized laser pulse in a glow discharge plasma at 77 K, in a magnetic field of up to 3 T in the Voigt configuration. The relaxation rate decreased with an increase in the magnetic field strength of up to 0.5 T and showed no magnetic field dependence above 0.5 T. We developed a Monte Carlo simulation method to calculate alignment relaxation, or disalignment, by radiation re-absorption of atomic resonance lines in a magnetic field. The simulated result was found to be consistent with the observed magnetic field dependence. We analysed the results of the simulation from a point of competition between the Zeeman splitting and the Doppler broadening of the transition lines from the 2p2 level.
Summary form only given, as follows. We investigated the hidden alignment of Ne plasma in a magnetic field observing the optical characteristics of the medium-absorption and refraction. A tunable single frequency laser beam was used as a probe beam. Depending on the direction of the applied magnetic field and the geometry of observation, the dependence of the plasma birefringence or dichroism on the magnetic field was registered. The dye laser was tuned to /spl lambda/=607.4 nm (2p/sub 3/-1s/sub 4/ Ne transition). The dependence on the external magnetic field of the laser beam intensity passed through the Ne discharge cell was registered, for various laser frequencies in the limits of the absorption line. At the edge of the absorption line, the signal of the dichroism consists of two Lorentzian components while at the center of the absorption line the wide component is absent. The wide component width depends on neon pressure as: H(P)=(1.64/spl plusmn/0.03) gauss + P(torr) (0.33/spl plusmn/0.08) gauss/torr. This value is in a good agreement with other results concerning the lifetime of the 1s/sub 4/ state. The mechanism of alignment formation in this state is not clear. This state could not be aligned by light absorption following a quantitative calculation. The irradiation of atoms is isotropic within the limits of all the absorption line because of the high magnitude of absorption for the 1s/sub 4/-1s/sub 0/ transition. We consider the optical pumping as the most probable mechanism for alignment of this state. The magnitude of absorption on the s-p neon transitions are not high. The intensity of the spontaneous emission beam along the tube is greater than in the perpendicular direction. If the quantization axis coincides with the tube axis, this beam empties the magnetic sublevels with M=/spl plusmn/1, thus creating longitudinal alignment. The absence of a signal at the center of the absorption line can be explained by the high selfabsorption on the s-p transitions. The width of the narrow component of the signal is approximately 0.7 gauss. Its pressure dependence is small. We have established experimentally the absence of signals of such width in the spontaneous emission from 2p levels. Hence, all optical mechanisms of alignment transmission from higher or from lower states to the 1s/sub 4/ state are excluded. Apparently this signal arises from alignment of metastable state 1s/sub 5/. In our opinion the collisions are the most probable mechanism of alignment transmission.