What are the phenomena of physics?

C. Becchi, Massimo D’Elia

Angel Guillermo Bracamonte

Optical phenomena, as a part of a branch of physics, are of high interest due to their capacity to generate non-classical light and other related phenomena. 1 To develop optics a multidisciplinary approach should be incorporated where engineering, material chemistry, and physical and chemical phenomena are inter-connected. 2

C. Becchi, Massimo D’Elia

Arkady Plotnitsky

The article argues that-at least in certain interpretations, such as the one assumed in this article under the heading of "reality without realism"-the quantum-theoretical situation appears as follows: While-in terms of probabilistic predictions-connected to and connecting the information obtained in quantum phenomena, the mathematics of quantum theory (QM or QFT), which is continuous, does not represent and is discontinuous with both the emergence of quantum phenomena and the physics of these phenomena, phenomena that are physically discontinuous with each other as well. These phenomena, and thus this information, are described by classical physics. All actually available information (in the mathematical sense of information theory) is classical: it is composed of units, such as bits, that are-or are contained in-entities described by classical physics. On the other hand, classical physics cannot predict this information when it is created, as manifested in measuring instruments, in quantum experiments, while quantum theory can. In this epistemological sense, this information is quantum. The article designates the discontinuity between quantum theory and the emergence of quantum phenomena the "Heisenberg discontinuity", because it was introduced by W. Heisenberg along with QM, and the discontinuity between QM or QFT and the classical physics of quantum phenomena, the "Bohr discontinuity", because it was introduced as part of Bohr's interpretation of quantum phenomena and QM, under the assumption of Heisenberg discontinuity. Combining both discontinuities precludes QM or QFT from being connected to either physical reality, that ultimately responsible for quantum phenomena or that of these phenomena themselves, other than by means of probabilistic predictions concerning the information, classical in character, contained in quantum phenomena. The nature of quantum information is, in this view, defined by this situation. A major implication, discussed in the Conclusion, is the existence and arguably the necessity of two-classical and quantum-or with relativity, three and possibly more essentially different theories in fundamental physics.

C. Becchi, Massimo D’Elia

Viktar Yatskevich

Contemporary physics relies extensively on mathematical formalisms to describe natural phenomena, often achieving remarkable predictive success. However, the relationship between mathematical description and physical explanation remains a subject of ongoing debate. In many cases, mathematical models are treated not only as tools for representation but also as implicit substitutes for the underlying physical mechanisms, which can obscure questions of causality and physical origin. This article examines this methodological issue using two fundamental physical phenomena—gravity and the tunneling effect— as representative examples. Both phenomena are commonly described by highly successful mathematical frameworks, namely general relativity and quantum mechanics, yet their physical interpretations remain incomplete or debated. The work argues that predictive accuracy alone does not necessarily constitute a full physical explanation and that mathematical consistency should be complemented by physically grounded mechanisms based on observable properties of matter and interaction. Alternative descriptions of gravity and the tunneling effect are proposed, grounded in experimental observations and established physical properties of matter at macroscopic and microscopic scales. These descriptions aim to clarify the physical processes underlying the phenomena while remaining compatible with empirical data. The proposed framework does not reject existing theories but seeks to supplement them by addressing conceptual gaps related to causality, physical mechanism, and interpretation. Such an approach may contribute to a more physically transparent understanding of fundamental phenomena and provide new directions for theoretical and applied research.