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Optics Communications

Reaching the shot noise limit in the polarization measurement of individual nanosecond light pulses

Jocelyne Guéna, Ph. Jacquier, Michel Lintz, L. Pottier, Marie-Anne Bouchiat, A. Hrisoho

Published May 1, 1989• 18 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/0030-4018(89)90293-9

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Oct 27, 2025•1 citation
We present a high-speed time-domain shot-noise-limited balanced homodyne detector that is suitable for the detection of the quantum states of nanosecond pulsed optical fields. The detector can detect the quantum noise of individual nanosecond optical pulses at a repetition rate of 40 MHz and achieve a signal-to-noise ratio of above 14.5 dB at a local oscillator power of 9.9×107 photons per pulse. The stability of the detector is characterized via an Allan variance measurement, and superior stability is observed. The detector is especially applicable in the fields of quantum optics and quantum information, where high-speed time-domain detection of nanosecond pulsed optical field quadratures is required.
We explore the fundamental noise of the atomic spin measurement performed via polarization analysis of the probe light. The noise is shown to consist of the quantum noise of the probe and the quantum noise of atomic spins. In the experiment with cold atoms in a magneto-optical trap we demonstrate the reduction of the former by 2.5 dB below the standard quantum limit. For the latter we reach the quantum limit set by fluctuations of uncorrelated individual atomic spins. We outline the way to overcome this limit using a recent theoretical proposal on spin squeezing.
An experimental scheme is proposed for squeezing-enhanced simultaneous measurement of the polarization angle and ellipticity of laser beam beyond the shot noise limit. In the scheme, a two-mode squeezed light is exploited to enhance the sensitivity of the measurement of polarization rotation angle, and a single-mode squeezed light is used to improve the sensitivity of ellipticity measurement. Noise analysis is performed to show that the signal-to-noise ratios in both the measurements of polarization angle and ellipticity can exceed the shot noise limit. This work is expected to be of considerable interest for experiments such as the observation of vacuum magnetic birefringence, gravitational wave detection, spin–orbital interaction, material characterization, polarization microscopy, atomic magnetometer, or biomedical optics.