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Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Multimode Squeezing, Antibunching in Space and Noise-Free Optical Images

Mikhail I. Kolobov, I. V. Sokolov

Published Jun 1, 1991• 38 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Three-dimensional antibunching of photons by observation of multimode-squeezed light is considered. The phenomenon is of practical importance for producing photon beams which are regular not only in time but also in space. The possible experiment to observe the space correlations of photocounts is discussed.
DOI
10.1209/0295-5075/15/3/007

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This paper provides a simple physical consideration of a new type of squeezed state of light: space-time squeezed state. As it was shown recently, spatial-multimode broadband squeezed light can generate (by homodyne detection) photon counting statistics that are regular not only in time, but also in the plane of observation. A possible advantage of application of space-time squeezed light in a number of areas of quantum optics (i.e., low-noise generation, detection of optical images, Fourier optics, and holography) is discussed from an elementary point of view.
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Summary form only given.It has previously been shown that a traveling-wave optical parametric amplifier can generate multimode squeezed states of light. Homodyne detection of multimode squeezed light, under certain physical conditions, results in sub-Poissonian statistics of photons not only in time but also in the transverse plane of the light beam. Of particular relevance to applications is a situation when the cross section of the light beam contains several nonoverlapping areas with sub-Poissonian statistics of photons within each of them. Under photodetection of such a beam of light, several sub-shot-noise photocurrents can be produced according to the number of independent areas with sub-Poissonian statistics. This is in drastic contrast to the case of a single-mode sub-Poissonian light beam, where any attempt to collect light only from a part of the beam deteriorates the degree of shot-noise reduction. This property of multimode squeezed light opens a range of new interesting applications in optical imaging, optical parallel processing of information, parallel computing, and many other phenomena where it is desirable to have the regular statistics of photons across the transverse plane of the electromagnetic wave. We describe the application of multimode squeezed light in sub-shot-noise microscopy, noiseless amplifications of optical images, and optical imaging. We also consider the possibility of improving the resolution in optical imaging and microscopy beyond the Rayleigh limit via multimode squeezed light.
As a direct result of the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation, all forms of light exhibit inherent and unavoidable random fluctuations. Because these fluctuations reveal information about the nature of light and the underlying processes that generate it, they have received considerable attention since the time of Einstein. But they are also a source of noise that limits the accuracy with which information can be transmitted by a beam of light. Although experiments often still struggle with instrumental noise, some are quickly approaching the measurement limits set by the quantum-statistical nature of light. With the help of new techniques to “squeeze” the uncertainty of light, researchers can now conduct experiments with greater precision than possible with laser light. The generation of various forms of squeezed light in recent years has raised hopes for its application to such diverse areas as gravity-wave detection based on optical interferometry and reduced-error lightwave communications.
The concepts listed in the title are introduced and clarified. The relations among them are pointed out. It is shown that the corresponding optical phenomena are definitely of a quantum nature. The basic quantities which are measured in correlation optical experiments are discussed. Manifestations of photon antibunching and of sub-Poisson photon statistics in the recording of delayed coincidences, in the distribution of photon counts, and in intensity fluctuation spectra are analyzed. (More precisely, what is involved is the spectrum of fluctuations in the photocurrent; all the results of the theoretical analysis in this review are expressed in terms of directly measurable quantities.) A diagram technique for calculating the correlation characteristics of the radiation from a polyatomic system is outlined. Photon correlations in nonlinear resonance fluorescence are analyzed. There is a discussion of approaches to the development of macroscopic sources of radiation with sub-Poisson photon statistics: the production of a squeezed state of a field in phase-sensitive parametric effects in nonlinear optics and the introduction of repulsive statistics in luminescence excitation events and in the pumping of a laser. Experiments in these directions which had been reported through April 1986 are discussed. The practical importance of reducing the quantum noise in radiation for extremely precise measurements and for optical data transmission is pointed out.