Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Effects of a laser beam profile on Zeeman electromagnetically induced transparency in the Rb buffer gas cell

Stanko N. Nikolić, Milan Radonjić, Aleksandar J. Krmpot, Nemanja Lučić, B. Zlatković, B. M. Jelenkovic

Published Mar 22, 2013• 17 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) due to Zeeman coherences in the Rb buffer gas cell is studied for different laser beam profiles, laser beam radii and intensities from 0.1 to 10 mW cm −2 . EIT line shapes can be approximated by the Lorentzian for wide Gaussian laser beam (6.5 mm in diameter) if laser intensity is weak and for a Π laser beam profile of the same diameter. Line shapes of EIT become non-Lorentzian for the Gaussian laser beam if it is narrow (1.3 mm in diameter) or if it has a higher intensity. EIT amplitudes and linewidths, for both laser beam profiles of the same diameter, have very similar behaviour regarding laser intensity and Rb cell temperature. EIT amplitudes are maximal at a certain laser beam intensity and this intensity is higher for narrower laser beams. The EIT linewidth estimated at zero laser intensity is about 50 nT or 0.7 kHz, which refers to 1.5 ms relaxation times of Zeeman coherences in 87 Rb atoms in our buffer gas cell. Blocking of the centre of the wide Gaussian laser beam in front of the photo detector yields Lorentzian profiles with a much better contrast to the linewidth ratio for EIT at higher intensities, above ∼2 mW cm −2 .

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/46/7/075501

Related papers

Effects of laser beam diameter on electromagnetically induced transparency due to Zeeman coherences in Rb vapor

Stanko N. Nikolić, Aleksandar J. Krmpot, Nemanja Lučić +3 more

We experimentally studied the effects of laser beam diameter on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) due to Zeeman coherences induced by a laser resonant with the hyperfine transition Fg = 2 → Fe = 1 of 87Rb in a rubidium buffer gas cell. We use two laser beams of Gaussian intensity radial profile for laser beam diameters of 6.5 and 1.3 mm, laser intensities in the range of 0.1–35 mW cm−2 and cell temperatures between 60 and 82 °C. The results show that the amplitude of the normalized EIT resonance has a maximum at a laser intensity which depends on laser beam diameter and cell temperature. The laser intensity corresponding to the maximum EIT amplitude is higher for a smaller laser beam and higher cell temperature. The linewidth of Zeeman EIT resonance varies nearly linearly with laser intensity, almost independent of cell temperature and laser beam diameter.

Physica Scripta•Nov 1, 2013•5 citations

Influence of a laser beam radial intensity distribution on Zeeman electromagnetically induced transparency line-shapes in the vacuum Rb cell

Senka Ćuk, Aleksandar J. Krmpot, Milan Radonjić +2 more

Experimental and theoretical analyses show the effect of laser beam radial intensity distribution on line-shapes and line-widths of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We used Gaussian and Π (flat top) laser beam profiles, coupling the D1 transition of 87Rb atoms in the vacuum cell in the Hanle experimental configuration. We obtained non-Lorentzian EIT line-shapes for a Gaussian laser beam, while line-shapes for a Π laser beam profile are very well approximated with Lorentzian. EIT line-widths, lower for Gaussian than for Π, show nonlinear dependence on laser intensity for both laser beam profiles. EIT amplitudes have similar values and dependence on laser intensity for both laser beams, showing the maximum at around 0.8 mW cm−2. Differences between the EIT line-shapes for the two profiles are mainly due to distinct physical processes governing atomic evolution in the rim of the laser beam, as suggested from the EIT obtained from the various segments of the laser beam cross-section.

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Aug 5, 2013•6 citations

Transient development of Zeeman electromagnetically induced transparency during propagation of Raman–Ramsey pulses through Rb buffer gas cell

Stanko N. Nikolić, Milan Radonjić, Nemanja Lučić +2 more

Abstract We investigate, experimentally and theoretically, time development of Zeeman electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) during propagation of two time separated polarization laser pulses, preparatory and probe, through Rb vapour. The pulses were produced by modifying laser intensity and degree of elliptical polarization. The frequency of the single laser beam is locked to the hyperfine transition of the D 1 line in 87 Rb. Transients in the intensity of component of the transmitted light are measured or calculated at different values of the external magnetic field, during both preparatory and probe pulse. Zeeman EIT resonances at particular time instants of the pulse propagation are reconstructed by appropriate sampling of the transients. We observe how laser intensity, Ramsey sequence and the Rb cell temperature affect the time dependence of EIT line shapes, amplitudes and linewidths. We show that at early times of the probe pulse propagation, several Ramsey fringes are present in EIT resonances, while at later moments a single narrow peak prevails. Time development of EIT amplitudes are determined by the transmitted intensity of the component during the pulse propagation.

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Jan 30, 2015•15 citations

Doppler narrowing, Zeeman and laser beam-shape effects in $Λ$-type Electromagnetically Induced Transparency on the $^{85}$Rb D2 line in a vapor cell

Lu Ma, Georg A. Raithel

We study $Λ$-type Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) on the Rb D2 transition in a buffer-gas-free thermal vapor cell without anti-relaxation coating. Experimental data show distinguished features of velocity-selective optical pumping and one EIT resonance. The Zeeman splitting of the EIT line in magnetic fields up to 12 Gauss is investigated. One Zeeman component is free of the first-order shift and its second-order shift agrees well with theory. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of this magnetic-field-insensitive EIT resonance is reduced due to Doppler narrowing, scales linearly in Rabi frequency over the range studied, and reaches about 100~kHz at the lowest powers. These observations agree with an analytic model for a Doppler-broadened medium developed in Ref. \cite{PhysRevA.66.013805,7653385}. Numerical simulation using the Lindblad equation reveals that the transverse laser intensity distribution and two $Λ$-EIT systems must be included to fully account for the measured line width and line shape of the signals. Ground-state decoherence, caused by effects that include residual optical frequency fluctuations, atom-wall and trace-gas collisions, is discussed.

arXiv:2007.00495•Jul 1, 2020•0 citations

Doppler narrowing, Zeeman and laser beam-shape effects in Λ-type electromagnetically induced transparency on the 85Rb D2 line in a vapor cell

Lu Ma, Georg A. Raithel

Abstract We study Λ-type Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) on the Rb D2 transition in a buffer-gas-free thermal vapor cell without anti-relaxation coating. Experimental data show well-resolved features due to velocity-selective optical pumping and one EIT resonance. The Zeeman splitting of the EIT line in magnetic fields up to 12 Gauss is investigated. One Zeeman component is free of the first-order shift and its second-order shift agrees well with theory. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of this magnetic-field-insensitive EIT resonance is reduced due to Doppler narrowing, scales linearly in Rabi frequency over the range studied, and reaches about 100 kHz at the lowest powers. These observations agree with an analytic model for a Doppler-broadened medium developed in (Javan et al 2002 Phys. Rev. A 66 013805; Lee et al 2003 Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. (Germany) B 76, 33–9; Taichenachev et al 2000 JETP Lett. 72, 119). Numerical simulation using the Lindblad equation reveals that the transverse laser intensity distribution and two Λ-EIT systems must be included to fully account for the measured line width and line shape of the signals. Ground-state decoherence, caused by effects that include residual optical frequency fluctuations, atom-wall and trace-gas collisions, is discussed.

Journal of Physics Communications•Sep 1, 2020•4 citations

Influence of laser beam profile on electromagnetically induced absorption

Senka Ćuk, Milan Radonjić, Aleksandar J. Krmpot +3 more

We compared, experimentally and theoretically, Hanle electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) obtained using Gaussian and $\ensuremath{\Pi}$-shaped laser beams 3 mm in diameter. The study was done by measuring the transmission of a laser locked to the ${F}_{g}=2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=3$ transition at the ${D}_{2}$ line of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ in a vacuum cell. EIA linewidths obtained for the two laser profiles were significantly different in the range of laser intensities $1$--$4$ mW/cm${}^{2}$. EIA with the $\ensuremath{\Pi}$-shaped laser beam has a broad intensity maximum and linewidths larger than those obtained with the Gaussian beam profile. We also studied Hanle EIA by measuring the transmission of selected segments of the entire laser beam by placing a small movable aperture in front of the detector. Waveforms so obtained in Hanle EIA resonances were strongly influenced both by the radial distance of the transmitted segment from the beam center and by the radial profile of the laser beam. We show that outer regions of Gaussian beam, and central regions of the $\ensuremath{\Pi}$-shaped beam generate the narrowest lines. The different behaviors of EIA owing to different beam profiles revealed by both theory and experiment indicate the importance of the radial profile of the laser beam for proper modeling of coherent effects in alkali metal vapors.

Physical Review A•Dec 1, 2010•4 citations
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) due to Zeeman coherences in the Rb buffer gas cell is studied for different laser beam profiles, laser beam radii and intensities from 0.1 to 10 mW cm −2 . EIT line shapes can be approximated by the Lorentzian for wide Gaussian laser beam (6.5 mm in diameter) if laser intensity is weak and for a Π laser beam profile of the same diameter. Line shapes of EIT become non-Lorentzian for the Gaussian laser beam if it is narrow (1.3 mm in diameter) or if it has a higher intensity. EIT amplitudes and linewidths, for both laser beam profiles of the same diameter, have very similar behaviour regarding laser intensity and Rb cell temperature. EIT amplitudes are maximal at a certain laser beam intensity and this intensity is higher for narrower laser beams. The EIT linewidth estimated at zero laser intensity is about 50 nT or 0.7 kHz, which refers to 1.5 ms relaxation times of Zeeman coherences in 87 Rb atoms in our buffer gas cell. Blocking of the centre of the wide Gaussian laser beam in front of the photo detector yields Lorentzian profiles with a much better contrast to the linewidth ratio for EIT at higher intensities, above ∼2 mW cm −2 .
We experimentally studied the effects of laser beam diameter on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) due to Zeeman coherences induced by a laser resonant with the hyperfine transition Fg = 2 → Fe = 1 of 87Rb in a rubidium buffer gas cell. We use two laser beams of Gaussian intensity radial profile for laser beam diameters of 6.5 and 1.3 mm, laser intensities in the range of 0.1–35 mW cm−2 and cell temperatures between 60 and 82 °C. The results show that the amplitude of the normalized EIT resonance has a maximum at a laser intensity which depends on laser beam diameter and cell temperature. The laser intensity corresponding to the maximum EIT amplitude is higher for a smaller laser beam and higher cell temperature. The linewidth of Zeeman EIT resonance varies nearly linearly with laser intensity, almost independent of cell temperature and laser beam diameter.
Experimental and theoretical analyses show the effect of laser beam radial intensity distribution on line-shapes and line-widths of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We used Gaussian and Π (flat top) laser beam profiles, coupling the D1 transition of 87Rb atoms in the vacuum cell in the Hanle experimental configuration. We obtained non-Lorentzian EIT line-shapes for a Gaussian laser beam, while line-shapes for a Π laser beam profile are very well approximated with Lorentzian. EIT line-widths, lower for Gaussian than for Π, show nonlinear dependence on laser intensity for both laser beam profiles. EIT amplitudes have similar values and dependence on laser intensity for both laser beams, showing the maximum at around 0.8 mW cm−2. Differences between the EIT line-shapes for the two profiles are mainly due to distinct physical processes governing atomic evolution in the rim of the laser beam, as suggested from the EIT obtained from the various segments of the laser beam cross-section.
Abstract We investigate, experimentally and theoretically, time development of Zeeman electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) during propagation of two time separated polarization laser pulses, preparatory and probe, through Rb vapour. The pulses were produced by modifying laser intensity and degree of elliptical polarization. The frequency of the single laser beam is locked to the hyperfine transition of the D 1 line in 87 Rb. Transients in the intensity of component of the transmitted light are measured or calculated at different values of the external magnetic field, during both preparatory and probe pulse. Zeeman EIT resonances at particular time instants of the pulse propagation are reconstructed by appropriate sampling of the transients. We observe how laser intensity, Ramsey sequence and the Rb cell temperature affect the time dependence of EIT line shapes, amplitudes and linewidths. We show that at early times of the probe pulse propagation, several Ramsey fringes are present in EIT resonances, while at later moments a single narrow peak prevails. Time development of EIT amplitudes are determined by the transmitted intensity of the component during the pulse propagation.
Doppler narrowing, Zeeman and laser beam-shape effects in ΛΛΛ-type Electromagnetically Induced Transparency on the 85^{85}85Rb D2 line in a vapor cell
We study ΛΛΛ-type Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) on the Rb D2 transition in a buffer-gas-free thermal vapor cell without anti-relaxation coating. Experimental data show distinguished features of velocity-selective optical pumping and one EIT resonance. The Zeeman splitting of the EIT line in magnetic fields up to 12 Gauss is investigated. One Zeeman component is free of the first-order shift and its second-order shift agrees well with theory. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of this magnetic-field-insensitive EIT resonance is reduced due to Doppler narrowing, scales linearly in Rabi frequency over the range studied, and reaches about 100~kHz at the lowest powers. These observations agree with an analytic model for a Doppler-broadened medium developed in Ref. \cite{PhysRevA.66.013805,7653385}. Numerical simulation using the Lindblad equation reveals that the transverse laser intensity distribution and two ΛΛΛ-EIT systems must be included to fully account for the measured line width and line shape of the signals. Ground-state decoherence, caused by effects that include residual optical frequency fluctuations, atom-wall and trace-gas collisions, is discussed.
Abstract We study Λ-type Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) on the Rb D2 transition in a buffer-gas-free thermal vapor cell without anti-relaxation coating. Experimental data show well-resolved features due to velocity-selective optical pumping and one EIT resonance. The Zeeman splitting of the EIT line in magnetic fields up to 12 Gauss is investigated. One Zeeman component is free of the first-order shift and its second-order shift agrees well with theory. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of this magnetic-field-insensitive EIT resonance is reduced due to Doppler narrowing, scales linearly in Rabi frequency over the range studied, and reaches about 100 kHz at the lowest powers. These observations agree with an analytic model for a Doppler-broadened medium developed in (Javan et al 2002 Phys. Rev. A 66 013805; Lee et al 2003 Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. (Germany) B 76, 33–9; Taichenachev et al 2000 JETP Lett. 72, 119). Numerical simulation using the Lindblad equation reveals that the transverse laser intensity distribution and two Λ-EIT systems must be included to fully account for the measured line width and line shape of the signals. Ground-state decoherence, caused by effects that include residual optical frequency fluctuations, atom-wall and trace-gas collisions, is discussed.
We compared, experimentally and theoretically, Hanle electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) obtained using Gaussian and $\ensuremath{\Pi}$-shaped laser beams 3 mm in diameter. The study was done by measuring the transmission of a laser locked to the ${F}_{g}=2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=3$ transition at the D2{D}_{2}D2​ line of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb in a vacuum cell. EIA linewidths obtained for the two laser profiles were significantly different in the range of laser intensities 111--444 mW/cm2{}^{2}2. EIA with the $\ensuremath{\Pi}$-shaped laser beam has a broad intensity maximum and linewidths larger than those obtained with the Gaussian beam profile. We also studied Hanle EIA by measuring the transmission of selected segments of the entire laser beam by placing a small movable aperture in front of the detector. Waveforms so obtained in Hanle EIA resonances were strongly influenced both by the radial distance of the transmitted segment from the beam center and by the radial profile of the laser beam. We show that outer regions of Gaussian beam, and central regions of the $\ensuremath{\Pi}$-shaped beam generate the narrowest lines. The different behaviors of EIA owing to different beam profiles revealed by both theory and experiment indicate the importance of the radial profile of the laser beam for proper modeling of coherent effects in alkali metal vapors.