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Chinese Optics Letters

Experimental observation of the linewidth narrowing of electromagnetically induced transparency resonance

Bo Wang, Shujing Li, Jingqin Yao, Jie Ma, Feng Peng, Gang Jiang, Hai Wang

Published Jan 1, 2005• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

We report an experimental observation of the variation in linewidth of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance in a three-level ?-type system for several laser bandwidths in a Rb vapor cell, with and without a buffer gas. It is found, using narrow bandwidth (about 20 kHz) diode laser for both coupling and probe beams, that the linewidth of the EIT resonance can be significantly narrowed in the Rb vapor cell with the buffer gas. The results are in good qualitative agreement with a simple theoretical calculation.

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We report experimentally the transformation from the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance to a dispersion-like signal and eventually to a nearly symmetric absorption resonance as coupling detuning increases in 'Lambda'-type three-level system in the cesium vapor cell with buffer gas at room temperature. The observed absorption resonance occupies some remarkable properties of the strong amplitude and the narrow linewidth in comparison with the case without buffer gas. The relation between linewidth of the enhanced absorption resonance and buffer gas pressure is studied. With pressure increasing, linewidth of the absorption resonance becomes narrow. The sub-natural linewidth is observed in Doppler-broadened cesium vapor cell in our experiment. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the numerical simulations.

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Effects of a laser beam profile on Zeeman electromagnetically induced transparency in the Rb buffer gas cell

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Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) due to Zeeman coherences in the Rb buffer gas cell is studied for different laser beam profiles, laser beam radii and intensities from 0.1 to 10 mW cm −2 . EIT line shapes can be approximated by the Lorentzian for wide Gaussian laser beam (6.5 mm in diameter) if laser intensity is weak and for a Π laser beam profile of the same diameter. Line shapes of EIT become non-Lorentzian for the Gaussian laser beam if it is narrow (1.3 mm in diameter) or if it has a higher intensity. EIT amplitudes and linewidths, for both laser beam profiles of the same diameter, have very similar behaviour regarding laser intensity and Rb cell temperature. EIT amplitudes are maximal at a certain laser beam intensity and this intensity is higher for narrower laser beams. The EIT linewidth estimated at zero laser intensity is about 50 nT or 0.7 kHz, which refers to 1.5 ms relaxation times of Zeeman coherences in 87 Rb atoms in our buffer gas cell. Blocking of the centre of the wide Gaussian laser beam in front of the photo detector yields Lorentzian profiles with a much better contrast to the linewidth ratio for EIT at higher intensities, above ∼2 mW cm −2 .

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We experimentally studied the effects of laser beam diameter on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) due to Zeeman coherences induced by a laser resonant with the hyperfine transition Fg = 2 → Fe = 1 of 87Rb in a rubidium buffer gas cell. We use two laser beams of Gaussian intensity radial profile for laser beam diameters of 6.5 and 1.3 mm, laser intensities in the range of 0.1–35 mW cm−2 and cell temperatures between 60 and 82 °C. The results show that the amplitude of the normalized EIT resonance has a maximum at a laser intensity which depends on laser beam diameter and cell temperature. The laser intensity corresponding to the maximum EIT amplitude is higher for a smaller laser beam and higher cell temperature. The linewidth of Zeeman EIT resonance varies nearly linearly with laser intensity, almost independent of cell temperature and laser beam diameter.

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Formation of narrow optical resonance by micrometer thin Rb-vapor layer

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We report an experimental investigation of the effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) using bichromatic laser radiation and an extremely thin cell filled with pure Rb with smoothly controllable thickness $L$ of the atomic vapor layer in the range $\ensuremath{\sim}780--1600\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, for which $L$ is comparable to the laser wavelength $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ resonant with the ${D}_{2}$ line $(780\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$. It is revealed that the transmission spectrum of the probe laser contains two sub-Doppler peaks that have different linewidths. The narrow peak corresponds to EIT, whereas the broader one results from velocity-selective optical pumping (VSOP) and repumping processes. It is demonstrated that in the case of nonzero detuning of the coupling laser, the EIT resonance and VSOP are shifted with respect to each other on the frequency scale, which makes it possible to observe a competition between the two effects (this is not possible to realize in an ordinary cell). Also, the Dicke-type coherent narrowing effect depending on the ratio $L∕\ensuremath{\lambda}$ influences the absorption spectrum of the probe laser. Formation of an EIT resonance is substantially favored for the atoms with slow normal velocity, caused by their longer interaction time with the bichromatic laser field. As a result of the predominant contribution of these atoms, the observed linewidth of the EIT resonance is only $\ensuremath{\sim}9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$, which is more than ten times narrower than the inverse window-to-window flight time. In an external magnetic field, three and five EIT resonances have been observed for the vapor thickness of $L=2\ensuremath{\lambda}$, on $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$, respectively.

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Linewidth of electromagnetically induced transparency under motional averaging in a coated vapor cell

Zhi-Xiang Xu, Weizhi Qu, Ran Gao +2 more

The linewidth of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a coated Rb vapor cell was studied under a magnetic field gradient. The nonlinear broadening of the EIT linewidth with the magnetic field gradient was observed. It was found that the motional averaging of the field gradient was more pronounced at higher laser intensities and larger beam sizes. In the same regime, there was a small linewidth decrease with the increasing magnetic field gradient. We have established a Monte-Carlo model, which gave results in good qualitative agreement with our experiment. Physics pictures for the above phenomena were also suggested. These results provide an understanding of the EIT linewidth behavior under motional averaging, and should be useful for applications in quantum optics and metrology based on coated vapor cells.

Chinese Physics B•Mar 1, 2013•8 citations
We report an experimental observation of the variation in linewidth of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance in a three-level ?-type system for several laser bandwidths in a Rb vapor cell, with and without a buffer gas. It is found, using narrow bandwidth (about 20 kHz) diode laser for both coupling and probe beams, that the linewidth of the EIT resonance can be significantly narrowed in the Rb vapor cell with the buffer gas. The results are in good qualitative agreement with a simple theoretical calculation.
We report experimentally the transformation from the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance to a dispersion-like signal and eventually to a nearly symmetric absorption resonance as coupling detuning increases in 'Lambda'-type three-level system in the cesium vapor cell with buffer gas at room temperature. The observed absorption resonance occupies some remarkable properties of the strong amplitude and the narrow linewidth in comparison with the case without buffer gas. The relation between linewidth of the enhanced absorption resonance and buffer gas pressure is studied. With pressure increasing, linewidth of the absorption resonance becomes narrow. The sub-natural linewidth is observed in Doppler-broadened cesium vapor cell in our experiment. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the numerical simulations.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) due to Zeeman coherences in the Rb buffer gas cell is studied for different laser beam profiles, laser beam radii and intensities from 0.1 to 10 mW cm −2 . EIT line shapes can be approximated by the Lorentzian for wide Gaussian laser beam (6.5 mm in diameter) if laser intensity is weak and for a Π laser beam profile of the same diameter. Line shapes of EIT become non-Lorentzian for the Gaussian laser beam if it is narrow (1.3 mm in diameter) or if it has a higher intensity. EIT amplitudes and linewidths, for both laser beam profiles of the same diameter, have very similar behaviour regarding laser intensity and Rb cell temperature. EIT amplitudes are maximal at a certain laser beam intensity and this intensity is higher for narrower laser beams. The EIT linewidth estimated at zero laser intensity is about 50 nT or 0.7 kHz, which refers to 1.5 ms relaxation times of Zeeman coherences in 87 Rb atoms in our buffer gas cell. Blocking of the centre of the wide Gaussian laser beam in front of the photo detector yields Lorentzian profiles with a much better contrast to the linewidth ratio for EIT at higher intensities, above ∼2 mW cm −2 .
We experimentally studied the effects of laser beam diameter on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) due to Zeeman coherences induced by a laser resonant with the hyperfine transition Fg = 2 → Fe = 1 of 87Rb in a rubidium buffer gas cell. We use two laser beams of Gaussian intensity radial profile for laser beam diameters of 6.5 and 1.3 mm, laser intensities in the range of 0.1–35 mW cm−2 and cell temperatures between 60 and 82 °C. The results show that the amplitude of the normalized EIT resonance has a maximum at a laser intensity which depends on laser beam diameter and cell temperature. The laser intensity corresponding to the maximum EIT amplitude is higher for a smaller laser beam and higher cell temperature. The linewidth of Zeeman EIT resonance varies nearly linearly with laser intensity, almost independent of cell temperature and laser beam diameter.
Recently developed thin cells containing atomic vapor of micrometric column thickness L allow one to study peculiarities of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) phenomenon, along with the accompanying velocity selective optical pumping/saturation (VSOP) resonances for the case when < 100 &mgr;m. The micrometric thin cells (MTC) are filled with pure Rb and neither buffer gas nor paraffin-coated walls were used. The Λ-systems on D2 line of 85Rb have been studied experimentally with the use of bi-chromatic radiation of two separate diode lasers (λ≈780 nm, γL&≈ 5MHz). It is demonstrated that when L~60 &mgr;m it is still possible to form the EIT resonance with the sub-natural linewidth ~ 5 MHz. The EIT resonance linewidth increases up to 10 MHz , when column thickness L is reduced down to ~ 2 &mgr;m. Six VSOP resonances are detected in the fluorescence and absorption spectra when the thickness L ~ 10 &mgr;m. Dependence of the EIT resonance linewidth as a function of the atomic vapor column thickness L is presented.
We report an experimental investigation of the effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) using bichromatic laser radiation and an extremely thin cell filled with pure Rb with smoothly controllable thickness LLL of the atomic vapor layer in the range $\ensuremath{\sim}780--1600\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, for which LLL is comparable to the laser wavelength $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ resonant with the D2{D}_{2}D2​ line (780nm)(780\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})(780nm). It is revealed that the transmission spectrum of the probe laser contains two sub-Doppler peaks that have different linewidths. The narrow peak corresponds to EIT, whereas the broader one results from velocity-selective optical pumping (VSOP) and repumping processes. It is demonstrated that in the case of nonzero detuning of the coupling laser, the EIT resonance and VSOP are shifted with respect to each other on the frequency scale, which makes it possible to observe a competition between the two effects (this is not possible to realize in an ordinary cell). Also, the Dicke-type coherent narrowing effect depending on the ratio $L∕\ensuremath{\lambda}$ influences the absorption spectrum of the probe laser. Formation of an EIT resonance is substantially favored for the atoms with slow normal velocity, caused by their longer interaction time with the bichromatic laser field. As a result of the predominant contribution of these atoms, the observed linewidth of the EIT resonance is only $\ensuremath{\sim}9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$, which is more than ten times narrower than the inverse window-to-window flight time. In an external magnetic field, three and five EIT resonances have been observed for the vapor thickness of $L=2\ensuremath{\lambda}$, on 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb and 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb, respectively.
The linewidth of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a coated Rb vapor cell was studied under a magnetic field gradient. The nonlinear broadening of the EIT linewidth with the magnetic field gradient was observed. It was found that the motional averaging of the field gradient was more pronounced at higher laser intensities and larger beam sizes. In the same regime, there was a small linewidth decrease with the increasing magnetic field gradient. We have established a Monte-Carlo model, which gave results in good qualitative agreement with our experiment. Physics pictures for the above phenomena were also suggested. These results provide an understanding of the EIT linewidth behavior under motional averaging, and should be useful for applications in quantum optics and metrology based on coated vapor cells.