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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Bragg-reflection-based feedback cooling of optically trapped particles

D. A. Ivanov, T. Yu. Ivanova

Published Jun 26, 2014• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose and numerically analyze a new method of cooling for generic polarizable particles. It combines the ideas of cavity self-organization and feedback cooling. In particular, we propose to control the periodic potential for the atoms using the Bragg back-reflection of the probe light. The feedback loop is designed to maximize the reflection, which corresponds to tight localization of the atoms in the potential wells. The model, with realistic parameters, has been numerically simulated and found to demonstrate pronounced cooling and spatial localization effects. On the basis of the same numerical simulations, the time scale of the cooling process was shown to be comparable to the trapping time in conventional dipole traps.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/47/13/135303

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We propose and numerically analyze a new method of cooling for generic polarizable particles. It combines the ideas of cavity self-organization and feedback cooling. In particular, we propose to control the periodic potential for the atoms using the Bragg back-reflection of the probe light. The feedback loop is designed to maximize the reflection, which corresponds to tight localization of the atoms in the potential wells. The model, with realistic parameters, has been numerically simulated and found to demonstrate pronounced cooling and spatial localization effects. On the basis of the same numerical simulations, the time scale of the cooling process was shown to be comparable to the trapping time in conventional dipole traps.
We considered an application of a feedback loop to enhance the self-organization of atoms in a cavity. In contrast to the original setup, we assumed the light leaking from the cavity was photo-detected and the signal was used to appropriately adjust the atomic potential. It was shown that no additional feedback-induced quantum noise was introduced into the system. Numerical simulations performed in classical approximation showed that the application of feedback weakened the requirement for the atom-field coupling needed to observe the self-organization.
We explore the prospects of optical shaking, a recently suggested generic approach to laser cooling of neutral atoms and molecules. Optical shaking combines elements of Sisyphus cooling and of stochastic cooling techniques and is based on feedback-controlled interaction of particles with strong nonresonant laser fields. The feedback loop guarantees a monotonous energy decrease without a loss of particles. We discuss two types of feedback algorithms and provide an analytical estimation of their cooling rate. We study the robustness of optical shaking against noise and establish minimal stability requirements for the lasers. The analytical predictions are in a good agreement with the results of detailed numerical simulations.
We study quantum feedback cooling of atomic motion in an optical cavity. We design a feedback algorithm that can cool the atom to the ground state of the optical potential with high efficiency despite the nonlinear nature of this problem. An important ingredient is a simplified state-estimation algorithm, necessary for a real-time implementation of the feedback loop. We also describe the critical role of parity dynamics in the cooling process and present a simple theory that predicts the achievable steady-state atomic energies.
Many interesting nonlinear effects are based on the strong interaction of motional degrees of freedom of atoms with an optical cavity field. Among them is the spatial self-organization of atoms in a pattern where the atoms group in either odd or even sites of the cavity-induced optical potential. An experimental observation of this effect can be simplified by using, along with the original cavity-induced feedback, an additional electronic feedback based on the detection of light leaking the cavity and the control of the optical potential for the atoms. Following our previous study, we show that this approach is more efficient from the laser power perspective than the original scheme without the electronic feedback.
Cooling and trapping of atoms with light provides us with samples far colder and denser than possible by any other means and enables us to study and control these systems in exquisite detail [1]. We can not only learn about these systems, but can devise experiments of such precision that we test the underlying physics. It is unfortunate therefore that the most effective techniques, Doppler cooling and the Magneto Optical Trap, rely on a simple energy level structure found only in a handful of elements. Finally, I will present an approach in which a particle can be cooled using the dipole, rather than the scattering, force. The dipole force is conservative, but by allowing the potential to vary in time, one can change the energy of a trapped particle. Specifically, if the potential depends on the position of the particle with some time delay, we can create a friction-like force [5, 6], and we are currently building an experiment to demonstrate this effect. This technique is not restricted to atoms with a simple structure, but requires only that the particle be polarisable; in principle, therefore, it can be extended without significant change to direct optical cooling of molecules.
We propose a cavity-based laser-cooling and trapping scheme, providing tight confinement and cooling to very low temperatures, without degradation at high particle densities. A bidirectionally pumped ring cavity builds up a resonantly enhanced optical standing wave that acts to confine polarizable particles in deep potential wells. The particle localization yields a coupling of the degenerate traveling wave modes via coherent photon redistribution. This induces a splitting of the cavity resonances with a high-frequency component, which is tuned to the anti-Stokes Raman sideband of the particles oscillating in the potential wells, yielding cooling due to excess anti-Stokes scattering.