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Physical Review A

Vortex creation in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage

G. Nandi, R. Walser, W. P. Schleich

Published Jun 10, 2004• 54 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We examine a scheme for the optical creation of a superfluid vortex in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate, using the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage technique (STIRAP). By exposing an oblate, axis-symmetric condensate to two copropagating laser pulses, one can transfer external angular momentum from the light field to the matter wave, if one of the beams is the fundamental Gaussian mode and the other is a Gauss-Laguerre mode of angular momentum $1\ensuremath{\hbar}$. We demonstrate the complete transfer efficiency by numerical integration of the multicomponent Gross-Pitaevskii equation and explain the results with an intuitive and accurate approximation within the Thomas-Fermi limit. In addition, we discuss residual excitations (breathing modes) which occur in the two-dimensional regime and present the Bogoliubov excitation spectrum.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.69.063606

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We examine a scheme for the optical creation of a superfluid vortex in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate, using the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage technique (STIRAP). By exposing an oblate, axis-symmetric condensate to two copropagating laser pulses, one can transfer external angular momentum from the light field to the matter wave, if one of the beams is the fundamental Gaussian mode and the other is a Gauss-Laguerre mode of angular momentum 1\ensuremathℏ1\ensuremath{\hbar}1\ensuremathℏ. We demonstrate the complete transfer efficiency by numerical integration of the multicomponent Gross-Pitaevskii equation and explain the results with an intuitive and accurate approximation within the Thomas-Fermi limit. In addition, we discuss residual excitations (breathing modes) which occur in the two-dimensional regime and present the Bogoliubov excitation spectrum.
We examine a scheme for the optical creation of a superfluid vortex in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), using the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) technique. By exposing an oblate, axis-symmetric condensate to two co-propagating laser pulses, one can transfer external angular momentum from the light field to the matter wave, if one of the beams is the fundamental Gaussian mode and the other is a Gauss-Laguerre mode of angular momentum 1ℏ1\hbar1ℏ. We demonstrate the complete transfer efficiency by numerical integration of the multi-component Gross-Pitaevskii equation and explain the results with an intuitive and accurate approximation within the Thomas-Fermi limit. In addition, we discuss residual excitations (breathing modes) which occur in the two-dimensional regime and present the Bogoliubov excitation spectrum.
We recently proposed a scheme for the creation of coherent superpositions of vortex states in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) using orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of light [Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 173601 (2005)]. Here we discuss further technical details of the proposal, provide an alternative, time-reversal-symmetric scheme for transfer of a superposition of OAM states of light to the BEC via a procedure analogous to the traditional stimulated Raman adiabatic passage technique, and discuss an alternative trap configuration conducive for sustaining large charge vortices. Superpositions of OAM states of light, that can be created using the existing experimental techniques, can be transferred to an initially nonrotating BEC via a specially devised Raman coupling scheme. The techniques proposed here open up avenues to study coherent interaction of OAM states of light with matter. The study could also be employed for performing various quantum-information-processing tasks with OAM states of light---including a memory for a quantum state of the initial superposition.
We consider a method of sub-wavelength superlocalization and patterning of atomic matter waves via a two dimensional stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (2D STIRAP) process. An atom initially prepared in its ground level interacts with a doughnut-shaped optical vortex pump beam and a traveling wave Stokes laser beam with a constant (top-hat) intensity profile in space. The beams are sent in a counter-intuitive temporal sequence, in which the Stokes pulse precedes the pump pulse. The atoms interacting with both the traveling wave and the vortex beam are transferred to a final state through the 2D STIRAP, while those located at the core of the vortex beam remain in the initial state, creating a super-narrow nanometer scale atomic spot in the spatial distribution of ground state atoms. By numerical simulations we show that the 2D STIRAP approach outperforms the established method of coherent population trapping, yielding much stronger confinement of atomic excitation. Numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation show that using such a method one can create 2D bright and dark solitonic structures in trapped Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). The method allows one to circumvent the restriction set by the diffraction limit inherent to conventional methods for formation of localized solitons, with a full control over the position and size of nanometer resolution defects.
The exchange of orbital angular momentum (OAM) between paraxial optical vortex and a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of atomic gases is well known. In this paper, we develop a theory for the microscopic interaction between matter and an optical vortex beyond paraxial approximation. We show how superposition of vortex states of BEC can be created with a focused optical vortex. Since the polarization or spin angular momentum (SAM) of the optical field is coupled with OAM of the field, in this case, these angular momenta can be transferred to the internal electronic and external center-of-mass motion of atoms provided both the motions are coupled. We propose a scheme for producing the superposition of matter-wave vortices using Gaussian and a focused Laguerre-Gaussian beam. We study how two-photon Rabi frequencies of stimulated Raman transitions vary with focusing angles for different combinations of OAM and SAM of optical states. We demonstrate the formation of vortex-antivortex structure and discuss interference of three vortex states in a BEC.
A coherent coupler is proposed to spin a Bose-Einstein condensate composed of ultracold alkali atoms into a vortex state. The proposal is based on a Raman transition induced by two copropagating ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ polarized Laguerre-Gaussian laser beams with different frequencies. We show that the transfer of angular momentum of photons to the condensed atoms through a Raman transition leads to a coherent coupling of the ground-state condensate to a rotating condensate in a vortex state. The detection of such a vortex state is discussed.
We report the achievement of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in the microwave frequency range between internal states of a Bose-Einstein condensate magnetically trapped in the vicinity of an atom chip. The STIRAP protocol used in this experiment is robust to external perturbations as it is an adiabatic transfer and power efficient as it involves only resonant (or quasiresonant) processes. Taking into account the effect of losses and collisions in a nonlinear Bloch equations model, we show that the maximum transfer efficiency is obtained for nonzero values of the one- and two-photon detunings, which is confirmed quantitatively by our experimental measurements.