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Physical Review A

Coupled-resonator-induced transparency

David D. Smith, Hongrok Chang, Kirk A. Fuller, Albert T. Rosenberger, Robert W. Boyd

Published Jun 3, 2004• 504 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate that a cancellation of absorption occurs on resonance for two (or any even number of) coupled optical resonators, due to mode splitting and classical destructive interference, particularly when the resonator finesse is large and the loss in the resonator farthest from the excitation waveguide is small. The linewidth and group velocity of a collection of such coupled-resonator structures may be decreased by using larger resonators of equal size, by using larger resonators of unequal size where the optical path length of the larger resonator is an integer multiple of that of the smaller one, or by using a larger number of resonators per structure. We explore the analogy between these effects and electromagnetically-induced transparency in an atomic system.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.69.063804

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We demonstrate that a cancellation of absorption occurs on resonance for two (or any even number of) coupled optical resonators, due to mode splitting and classical destructive interference, particularly when the resonator finesse is large and the loss in the resonator farthest from the excitation waveguide is small. The linewidth and group velocity of a collection of such coupled-resonator structures may be decreased by using larger resonators of equal size, by using larger resonators of unequal size where the optical path length of the larger resonator is an integer multiple of that of the smaller one, or by using a larger number of resonators per structure. We explore the analogy between these effects and electromagnetically-induced transparency in an atomic system.
We theoretically investigate the classical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) in a planar metamaterial at optical frequency, which originates from destructive and constructive interference between dark and radiative elements.The metamaterial consists of two coupled resonators with different geometries.An EIT-like transparent window with low absorption is observed and found to be strongly affected by resonant states of the resonators.The transition between the EIT and EIA is achieved by changing the split width and coupling distance.The absorption is enhanced up to 2.5 times compared with the dipolar case.The excitation of the dark mode is very important for EIT-and EIA-like responses of the proposed metamaterial.The EIT and EIA phenomena offer a potential method for manipulating electromagnetic response in metamaterial-based devices.
The phenomena of induced transparency, with the typical examples of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in atomic media and those based on coupled optical resonators, have attracted tremendous interest since their discoveries. Owing to the limitations of the involved physical elements, however, near-100\% transmissions were reported under highly demanding experimental conditions. With a structure of three linearly coupled optical resonators, an active one carrying optical gain and two passive ones simply with dissipation, we demonstrate that a transmitted light field can become completely transparent through the structure, which displays all properties similar to those of EIT. It is due to a destructive interference mechanism that totally eliminates the intracavity field in the dissipative resonator directly coupled to the transmitted field of any feasible power, when the coupling strength of two other resonators is tuned across a point determined by their associated gain and loss rates. This mechanism works for all possible coupling strengths of the dark resonator with the input field and its neighboring resonator, as well as for any available quality factor from its fabrication. The transparency window size and output field intensity can be freely adjusted by tuning two inter-cavity couplings of wide ranges, without modifying the built-in optical gain which can be just slightly stronger than the dissipation of the active resonator.
The coupled resonator-induced transparency (CRIT) phenomenon, which is analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic systems, can occur in an original integrated optical resonator system due to the coherent interference of the coupled optical resonators. The system was composed of three ring resonators on silicon, each with the same cavity size, and the optical coupling to the input and output ports was achieved using grating with a power coupling efficiency of 36%. A CRIT resonance whose spectrum shows a narrow transparency peak with a low group velocity was demonstrated. The quality factor of the ring resonator can attain a value up to 6 × 10 4 , and the harmonic wavelength can be controlled by adjusting the temperature. The through and drop transmission spectra of the resonator are reconciled well with each other and also consistent well with the theoretical analysis.
We propose a self-coupled optical waveguide (SCOW)-based resonator to generate an optical resonance analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The EIT-like effect is formed by the coherent interference between two resonance paths inherent to the SCOW resonator. For cascaded SCOW resonators, the spectrum they produce is significantly affected by the phase shift between them, with the EIT-like peak flattened or split as the two extreme cases. We also investigate the dispersion characteristics of an infinite array of SCOW resonators and show that the dispersion relation and group index in the EIT subband can be greatly changed by a small phase shift between the SCOW resonators.
Several classical analogues of electromagnetically induced transparency in metamaterials have been demonstrated. A simple two-resonator model can describe their absorption spectrum qualitatively, but fails to provide information about the scattering properties--e.g., transmission and group delay. Here we develop an alternative model that rigorously includes the coupling of the radiative resonator to the external electromagnetic fields. This radiating two-oscillator model can describe both the absorption spectrum and the scattering parameters quantitatively. The model also predicts metamaterials with a narrow spectral feature in the absorption larger than the background absorption of the radiative element. This classical analogue of electromagnetically induced absorption is shown to occur when both the dissipative loss of the radiative resonator and the coupling strength are small. These predictions are subsequently demonstrated in experiments.