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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Forty five nanoseconds superconducting delay lines

Gert K. G. Hohenwarter, Elie K. Track, R.E. Drake, R. Patt

Published Mar 1, 1993• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The authors report on the design, simulation, fabrication, and measurement of very long superconducting coplanar waveguide delay lines on 3-in-diameter LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates. Variations of the design involving the addition of a ground plane on the backside of the substrate and for the use of gold wire-bond bridges to electrically connect the in-plane ground planes were investigated. A delay of 45 ns was measured for a line length of 4.3 m. The best response was obtained with wire-bond connections and no backside ground plane. A resonance-free insertion loss of less than 0.01 dB/ns was obtained with a 1.7-GHz bandwidth for NbN at 4.2 K. This is to be compared with a loss of 0.1 dB/ns for a 50-ns 0.141-in OD. (outer diameter) copper coaxial delay line that weighs 1.5 lb and 0.02 dB/ns for a 60-ns 1-in OD copper coaxial delay line that weighs 45 lb.>

DOI
10.1109/77.233499

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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Jan 1, 1995•0 citations
The authors report on the design, simulation, fabrication, and measurement of very long superconducting coplanar waveguide delay lines on 3-in-diameter LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates. Variations of the design involving the addition of a ground plane on the backside of the substrate and for the use of gold wire-bond bridges to electrically connect the in-plane ground planes were investigated. A delay of 45 ns was measured for a line length of 4.3 m. The best response was obtained with wire-bond connections and no backside ground plane. A resonance-free insertion loss of less than 0.01 dB/ns was obtained with a 1.7-GHz bandwidth for NbN at 4.2 K. This is to be compared with a loss of 0.1 dB/ns for a 50-ns 0.141-in OD. (outer diameter) copper coaxial delay line that weighs 1.5 lb and 0.02 dB/ns for a 60-ns 1-in OD copper coaxial delay line that weighs 45 lb.>
A novel superconducting delay line is presented, it is formed from a coplanar transmission line, the transmission line has a meander structure, which is then curled into a double spiral to maximise the use of the substrate area. Full-wave simulations are conducted on a 0.5 m coplanar line of this type and also a conventional double-spiral line for comparison. Geometric factors limiting the achievable bandwidth are addressed. To extract the device delay and loss without incurring the problems of the input and output connections, AC coupled measurements are done using a 25 ns delay line as a resonator. Quality factors of the resonances from 20 MHz to 20 GHz are measured. The estimated group delay of the delay line is given.
Optical modulation is investigated for superconducting microstrip delay lines on 2-in-diameter, 10-mil-thick LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates. The linewidth of 80 mu m yields a characteristic impedance of 50 Omega . The linepitch of 100 mil is chosen to minimize the coupling between adjacent lines. The total meander line length is 64 cm. The measured delay is 8 ns with operation from DC to 20 GHz. The design was implemented using niobium, niobium nitride, and YBCO. The measurements were performed in a dewar and in a closed-cycle refrigerator, with both RF and optical access. Optical illumination of the lines resulted in a phase shift of the transmitted signal. Using a 10-mW He-Ne laser, phase shifts of up to 360 degrees at 20 GHz were measured with NbN and YBCO. The phase shifts increased linearly with frequency and with optically intensity. The effect can be attributed to a small, bolometric modulation of the line inductance.>
This paper reports the design, fabrication, and measurements of optically tunable superconducting microwave resonators and delay lines. The devices are comprised of superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines fabricated from a 100 nm-thick YBCO film, interrupted by 3- and 5-m YBCO meander structures of the same thickness on top of an LAO substrate. The CPW is tested at 77 K up to a frequency of 50 GHz, where it exhibits a transmission loss of about 0.12 dB/mm. The measurements are done in a cryogenic microwave probe station, where all the calibrations have been performed at 77 K. It has been observed that the resonance frequencies of the superconducting resonators can be changed by more than 2 GHz under the optical illumination at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The delay lines also exhibit a phase retardation of up to 90 at the same operating conditions.
This paper presents the design and simulation of a thin-film on-chip superconducting rat-race and quadrature branch-line coupler for circuit quantum electrodynamics. These couplers are designed at a center frequency of 6GHz using coplanar waveguide technology using a thin film of niobium or aluminum on sapphire substrates. The electrical connections are made between the ground using aluminum air bridges. The insertion losses to the through and coupled ports of rat-race and quadrature coupler are 3.1dB. The quadrature and rat-race couplers offer a wide bandwidth of 2GHz and 3GHz, respectively. A spectral shift of around 400MHz is observed in these couplers when operation is shifted from room temperature to the cryogenic regime. The simulated results have been discussed and analyzed.
We report the gigahertz experimental results of time and frequency performance on YBCO high temperature superconductor (HTS) and gold coplanar transmission lines. An on-wafer direct probing measurement system was used to collect data at cryogenic temperatures on both YBCO and gold coplanar lines. The insertion loss of the 6-cm lines at a frequency of 3.0 GHz was measured to be -0.12 dB for the superconducting line compared to -10.7 dB for the gold line at 80 K. Error rate and eye-diagram measurements were performed on the packaged lines and show the correlation between the insertion loss of the line and the attenuation of a Pseudo Random Bit Sequence (PBRS). The superconducting line measured at 77 K had a BER rate of less than 10/sup -11/ at a data rate of 3 Gb/s. The measured eye height was 350 mV for the YBCO compared to 100 mV for a gold line at 3 Gb/s and a temperature of 77 K for the packaged 6-cm lines.