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Annalen der Physik

Quantenmechanische Berechnung der Linienbreite und Intensitätskorrelation der Laserstrahlung

W. Brunner, Henryk Paul, D. Rauh

Published Jan 1, 1969• 3 citations

Abstract

Abstract Extending the method developed in a previous paper [1] the correlation functions both for electric field strength and intensity are calculated. In the latter case the result is obtained quite easily by solving a differential equation. In the first case, on the contrary, a detailed knowledge of the photon creation operator b+ is necessary, especially of the different temporal behaviour with respect to phase and amplitude. In the main, the results are in agreement with those published by other authors. Of special interest is the result that the damping constant for intensity correlations tends to the value corresponding to the case of thermal radiation, in the region far from threshold. In addition, the ansatz b+ = (ro + ϱ) exp{i χ(t)} (ro c‐number) introduced by HAKEN is discussed from a quantum mechanical point of view.

DOI: 10.1002/andp.19694770704

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Abstract Extending the method developed in a previous paper [1] the correlation functions both for electric field strength and intensity are calculated. In the latter case the result is obtained quite easily by solving a differential equation. In the first case, on the contrary, a detailed knowledge of the photon creation operator b+ is necessary, especially of the different temporal behaviour with respect to phase and amplitude. In the main, the results are in agreement with those published by other authors. Of special interest is the result that the damping constant for intensity correlations tends to the value corresponding to the case of thermal radiation, in the region far from threshold. In addition, the ansatz b+ = (ro + ϱ) exp{i χ(t)} (ro c‐number) introduced by HAKEN is discussed from a quantum mechanical point of view.

Abstract Using the quantum mechanical equations describing the laser process we calculate the photon number and the amplitude fluctuations of the laser radiation for the stationary case, if the atomic frequencies are assumed to be distributed inhomogeneously in form of a LORENTZ line. It is shown, that, on principle, the results in comparision with the case of homogeneously broadened atomic line are unchanged. However, the photon number and therefore especially the threshold condition for the laser effect as well as the amplitude fluctuations are changed quantitatively in general due to the dependence of the line width 2ϵ of the LORENTZ line.

Abstract In a preceding paper [1] the phase uncertainty of an electromagnetic wave amplified by an (ideal) laser amplifier has been evaluated. Similar calculations are now performed for the amplitude and the intensity of the radiation. A special result is the conclusion that a field with minimum intensity fluctuations after amplification corresponds uniquely to a signal with a sharp photon number. The same holds approximately for the amplitude, the approximation being exactly the same as in [1] which allowed us to identify the phase uncertainty after amplification with the expression following formally from the phase operator applied to the incident field.

Abstract Previous calculations [1] yielding the frequency spectrum of a one‐mode radiation field interacting with a single atom are extended to the case of M atoms. Under the assumption M „N (N mean photon number) the total Hamiltonian is diagonalized, and the correlation function 〈𝔈̂(t1 𝔈̂(t2)〉 revealing the frequency spectrum of the interacting field calculated quite generally. The following special initial conditions are discussed in detail: a) Any atom is either in the upper or the lower state, and b) the electric dipole moment of the ensemble of atoms is oscillating in phase or with a phase difference of π with respect to the electric field strength. In case a) the initial monochromatic line is broadened, and in case b) a frequency shift appears.

Intensity fluctuations for a single-mode laser near threshold are calculated from the Scully-Lamb equation of motion for the reduced density matrix of the radiation field. The magnitude and correlation time of the intensity fluctuations are contrasted with the results obtained from the usual Fokker-Planck analysis of the rotating-wave, Van-der-Pol (RWVP) model. When the photon number at threshold is not large, these calculations predict measurable differences from the RWVP Fokker-Planck results. Two methods are used to calculate the dynamics. One is a direct eigenfunction expansion of the Green's function of the equation of motion. The other is based on the calculation of the initial derivatives of the correlation function.