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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics

Observation of the hyperfine structure of selective reflection from Cs133vapor using a semiconductor laser

Yurii A Bykovskii, V. L. Velichanskiǐ, A. L. Irshinskii, Vladislav A. Maslov, V. L. Smirnov

Published Jan 31, 1974• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An injection laser was used to study the spectral characteristics of the selective reflection from Cs 133 vapor in the pressure range 0.5–130 mm Hg. An analysis was made of the possibility of using this reflection in the stabilization of the frequency of a semiconductor laser at the frequency of an atomic resonance line.
DOI
10.1070/qe1974v004n01abeh005718

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Oct 29, 2010•6 citations
Pulsed stimulated emission near the D2 line of 133Cs (852.1 nm) was obtained from a semiconductor laser with an external selective element utilizing specular reflection from a cesium vapor cell. The power and spectral width of the stimulated emission at a vapor pressure of 2 Torr were 1 mW and 5×10−3 nm, respectively. Investigations were made of the spectral and temporal characteristics of the laser radiation at different cesium vapor pressures. An analysis was made of the conditions needed to enhance substantially the average stimulated emission power. The possibility of using a laser with an external selectively reflecting cell for optical pumping of alkali metal vapors is discussed. The resonance absorption lines of rubidium and potassium were recorded using a pulsed injection laser.
An investigation was made of selective specular reflection from 133Cs vapor in the range of atomic concentrations between 4×1013 and 2×1015 cm−3 where collisional broadening of the D2 line is less than the Doppler broadening. The radiation source was an injection laser. Intra-Doppler resonances corresponding to the hyperfine structure of the excited state were recorded in the selective reflection profile. Shifts of the reflection resonances relative to the luminescence resonances of the atomic beam did not exceed 50 MHz. The possiblity of using selective reflection for linear spectroscopy of atomic lines without Doppler broadening is discussed.
Selective reflection from mercury and cadmium vapors in the neighborhood of the resonance lines was investigated quantitatively using incident light of continuous spectral distribution. For a given experimental arrangement the lowest vapor density (atoms per cubic centimeter) at which selective reflection could be detected at Hg 2537 Å, Cd 2288 Å, and Cd 3261 Å was inversely proportional to the oscillator strength (f-value) of the absorption line. Contours of the selective reflection of the Hg 2537 Å and Cd 2288 Å lines were obtained over a large range of vapor densities up to 80 × 1018 atoms per cc. At this density the cadmium reflection extended over several thousand cm.−1 compared to about a hundred cm.−1 for mercury. The general features of the reflection contours can be explained by the theory of reflection from an absorbing medium. Fitting a theoretical curve to the experimental reflection contour yields values of the oscillator strength and the damping constant. For Hg 2537 Å and Cd 2288 Å the f-values are 0.0268 and 1.40 respectively, in good agreement with those found by other methods. The damping constant, γ, varies as the square root of the number of atoms per cubic centimeter, indicating that the mechanism of selective reflection is not the same as that for absorption and emission. An empirical areal law for selective reflection confirms the relationship [Formula: see text]. A shift of the resonance frequency of the order of magnitude of the coupling shift calculated by Weisskopf was observed for Hg 2537 Å. Deviations from theory at both high and low pressures were observed for Cd 2288 Å. The low pressure deviation takes the form of a line of residual intensity at the resonance frequency, which may be due to a different kind of selective reflection.
Selective reflection from sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium vapors in the neighborhood of the resonance lines was observed for vapor pressures between 10 mm. and 1 atm., using a steel tube with a window of transparent magnesium oxide. Reflecting power as a function of frequency was measured by using incident light of continuous spectral distribution. The reflection contour for pressures up to ½ atm. is in good agreement with the theory of reflection from an absorbing medium. For each line the damping constant in the dispersion equations varies as the square root of the number of atoms per cubic centimeter, as was found previously for mercury and cadmium. For the two members of the resonance doublet the damping constants are proportional to the square roots of the oscillator strengths. In a region about 5 cm.−1 wide about each resonance frequency the reflected intensity measured experimentally is greater than that calculated. These lines of residual intensity may be due to a second kind of selective reflection. At pressures above ½ atm. the observed reflection contour cannot be explained by the simple anomalous dispersion theory.
We report the preliminary results of experimental studies of a dense cesium vapor in all-sapphire sealed-off Cs cell (temperature up to 500 °C, atomic and molecular densities up to 1018 and 3.2x1016 cm-3, respectively) in selective reflection (SR) configuration. Probing the vapor by a 780 nm laser radiation scanned in 20 GHz range, we have observed a spectral structure, which appears in the vapor temperature range of 250 - 400 °C. Though the cell is filled with pure cesium, starting from 300 °C we have revealed a noticeable SR contribution of rubidium atomic D2 line transitions that fall in the laser tuning range. The spectral features observed in present work can be attributed not only to cesium dimers (Cs2) having absorption band in this spectral region, but also to RbCs molecules. Relevant spectroscopic properties of these molecules are also addressed. We believe this is the first observation of selective reflection from the interface of dielectric and molecular vapor. More experiments and theoretical treatment is required to clarify the mechanisms involved and identify the origin of each spectral component, the further work program is outlined.