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Quantum opto-mechanics: quantum optical control of massive mechanical resonators

Markus Aspelmeyer

Published Jan 1, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The toolbox of quantum optics allows to achieve coherent quantum control over massive mechanical resonators by using radiation pressure of light inside optical cavities. Only recently, cavity-assisted ground state cooling of mechanical motion has been achieved both in the micro- and in the nanomechanical domain [1, 2]. Together with the strong coupling regime [3], this opens up a new parameter regime for macroscopic quantum physics with respect to size and mass of the objects under investigation. I will discuss the prospects of generating macroscopic quantum superposition states [4] and quantum entanglement [5], both for micromechanical interfaces for quantum information processing and for new tests of the foundations of quantum physics.

DOI
10.1364/iqec.2011.i125

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The toolbox of quantum optics allows to achieve coherent quantum control over massive mechanical resonators by using radiation pressure of light inside optical cavities. Only recently, cavity-assisted ground state cooling of mechanical motion has been achieved both in the micro- and in the nanomechanical domain [1, 2]. Together with the strong coupling regime [3], this opens up a new parameter regime for macroscopic quantum physics with respect to size and mass of the objects under investigation. I will discuss the prospects of generating macroscopic quantum superposition states [4] and quantum entanglement [5], both for micromechanical interfaces for quantum information processing and for new tests of the foundations of quantum physics.
The toolbox of quantum optics allows to achieve coherent quantum control over massive mechanical resonators by using radiation pressure of light inside optical cavities. Only recently, cavity-assisted ground state cooling of mechanical motion has been achieved both in the micro- and in the nanomechanical domain [1, 2]. Together with the strong coupling regime [3], this opens up a new parameter regime for macroscopic quantum physics with respect to size and mass of the objects under investigation. I will discuss the prospects of generating macroscopic quantum superposition states [4] and quantum entanglement [5], both for micromechanical interfaces for quantum information processing and for new tests of the foundations of quantum physics.
The quantum regime of mechanical systems promises fascinating new fields of research both for applications and for fundamental physics. Quantum optics provides a well-developed toolbox to enter this regime. My talk will cover recent advances in quantum-opto-mechanical systems such as laser-cooling towards the quantum ground state. I will also discuss the prospects of generating quantum entanglement involving mechanical resonators, which is an important resource for quantum information processing and is also at he heart of Schrödinger's cat paradox.
Quantum opto-mechanics is a fast moving, broad research field which aims to investigate and control the interaction of light and the quantized motion of mechanical objects and the coupling between them. This allows one to engineer the mechanical quantum state by controlling and measuring the electromagnetic field, and conversely, to control the dynamical evolution of the optical field via its interaction with a mechanical system. Mechanical resonators are accessible in many different shapes and sizes, from kilogram scales in experiments that test gravitational theories to micro- and nano-scales in resolved sideband regime, where the frequency of the mechanical resonator is larger than the bandwidth of the optical cavity. In this regime, it is possible to cool the mechanical object to the ground state which allows a high degree of control and the ability to prepare interesting non-classical states, states that could aid in investigating the quantum dynamics of macroscopic objects. The field of quantum opto-mechanics is a promising testbed for quantum control technologies, such as fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, ultra-sensitive quantum sensors for precise measurements, phonon lasing, mechanical memories with long lifetime and quantum information processing. Furthermore, experiments are progressing toward strong opto-mechanical coupling regimes with single photons. This creates a platform that can take advantage of the nonlinear optical interactions to generate highly non-classical states in such light-matter interfaces. Photonic systems working in the single photon regime will be promising for low power applications and also for implementations of quantum information and computation. Motivated by these applications, this thesis consists of theoretical studies in the context of single photonics. This includes investigating non-classical mechanical state generation and mechanically controlling the dynamical evolution of optical fields in the strong coupling regime single photon opto-mechanics and furthermore, proposing a quantum sensor using single photonics. In this regard, we employ three important formalisms to treat and measure open quantum systems with non-Gaussian input fields: the conditional and unconditional cascaded master equations, Fock-state master equations and input-output Langevin equations. In the context of opto-mechanics, the system to be investigated is composed of two optical cavities with a coupling modulated via a mechanical resonator. In one case, a sequence of single photons are irreversibly sent to one of the optical cavities. After photons go through the opto-mechanical interaction, photon counting measurements are performed on the cavity output, conditionally steering the mechanical state to a highly non-classical Fock state. Numerical calculations are performed to predict the experimental parameters needed to generate a mechanical Fock state before the mechanical object is thermalized. In another case, the same opto-mechanical scheme is employed to conversely modify the state of the optical mode by engineering the state of the mechanical degree of freedom. In this case, it is shown that the opto-mechanical system operates as an effective beam splitter for the input single photons, with a transmission that can be controlled by tuning the number of excitations in the bulk mechanical resonator. When the mechanical resonator has a small coherent amplitude it acts as a quantum control, entangling the optical and mechanical degrees of freedom. As the coherent amplitude of the resonator increases, it acts as a classical control for the input photons. Finally, we propose a novel multi-purpose sensor architecture that can be used for force, refractive index and possibly local temperature detection. In this scheme, two coupled cavities behave as an effective beam splitter. This sensor is based on fourth order interference (the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect) and requires a sequence of single photon pulses and consequently has low pulse power. Changes in the parameter to be measured induce variations in the effective beam splitter reflectivity and result in changes to the visibility of interference. We propose that this generic scheme could be implemented with coupled L3 photonic crystal cavities and find that this system, which only relies on photon coincidence detection and does not need any spectral resolution, can estimate forces as small as 10-7 Newtons and can measure one part per million change in refractive index using a very low input power of 10-10 W.
In this dissertation, I theoretically investigate the open system dynamics of cavity optomechanical systems in the quantum limit, where a mechanical resonator couples to a cavity mode via radiation pressure force. Recent developments in nano-fabrication and cooling techniques make it possible to optically control and manipulate the motion of micro- and nano-mechanical resonator. Several experiments have demonstrated the possibility of preparing macroscopic mechanical resonators into their quantum ground state, which makes optomechanical systems an ideal candidate for studying the quantum behavior of macroscopic objects. One important direction in quantum optomechanics is the study of the decoherence of optomechanical system due to the interaction with their external environments. This dissertation explores the decoherence effects by considering the influence of the radiation pressure coupling on the interaction between optomechanical system and its environments. Because the effects of the nonlinear interaction vary with the optomechanical coupling strength, three different interaction regimes are fully studied here: the weak coupling, the intermediate coupling and the strong coupling.
Quantum optomechanics exploits radiation pressure effects inside optical cavities. It can be used to generate quantum states of the center-of-mass motion of massive mechanical objects, thereby opening up a new parameter regime for macroscopic quantum experiments. The challenging experimental conditions to maintain and observe quantum coherence for increasingly large objects may require a space environment rather than an earth-bound laboratory. We introduce a possible space experiment to study the wave-packet expansion of massive objects. This forms the basis for Schrödinger cat states of unprecedented size and mass.
The search for experimental demonstrations of the quantum behavior of macroscopic mechanical resonators is a fastly growing field of investigation and recent results suggest that the generation of quantum states of resonators with a mass at the microgram scale is within reach. In this chapter we give an overview of two important topics within this research field: cooling to the motional ground state, and the generation of entanglement involving mechanical, optical and atomic degrees of freedom. We focus on optomechanical systems where the resonator is coupled to one or more driven cavity modes by the radiation pressure interaction. We show that robust stationary entanglement between the mechanical resonator and the output fields of the cavity can be generated, and that this entanglement can be transferred to atomic ensembles placed within the cavity. These results show that optomechanical devices are interesting candidates for the realization of quantum memories and interfaces for continuous variable quantum communication networks.