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Physics Essays

The Schrödinger‐Type Equation of Motion of Spin‐0 Relativistic Particles, Part I: Physical Properties of the Equation and the Problem of Position‐Velocity Coexistence

Nickola Stefanov Todorov

Published Dec 1, 1993• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.4006/1.3029088

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The Schrödinger‐Type Equation of Motion of Spin‐0 Relativistic Particles, Part II: Position and Momentum Representations of States and Operators

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Photon and charged elementary particles have many commonalities like constant spin, duality, etc. The purpose of this paper is trying to find out why such particles have the commonalities and how to make the commonalities. The first part of this paper is to derive and prove that the photon is consisted of an energy packet and a closely connected circular polarized EM wave with much smaller energy. The energy packet is a thin piece of circular polarized EH field wrapped by a cylindrical side membrane with helical distributed . Double helix structure of field EH in the energy packet plus intrinsic speed c being proved makes almost all the basic properties of photon in the paper. The wave-particle properties in the structure of photon plays a roll together in the process of emission, absorption and interference. Such structure makes the photon to act as both a wave and a particle at the same time, not “exhibit different characters for different phenomenon”. It makes the dispute in the double slit experiment unnecessary. Charged elementary particles produced from a photon in the pair production will be proved in the paper it is split equally point to point from the photon. So the particles possess double helix structure of mass density and charge (or ). The helically distributed charge (or ) carries a circular polarized external E-field to move with the same velocity (a wave really). Of the charged elementary particle and of this E-wave will be proved to satisfy the de Broglie Relation here. It naturally leads to the differential equation of motion of such particles mathematically as same as the Schrodinger equation. Such differential equation of motion for the non-relativistic particles will be proved it is for the circular polarized structure and wave. Difference between helical (or ) and helical makes the charged elementary particles and photon distinguishable or undistinguishable by the magnetic B effect and to obey different statistics, F-D statistics or B-E statistics; and obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle or not. Since the spin direction of the photon and charged elementary particles are decided by the direction of helical structure, anyone of these particles can only possess a definite direction of spin, so the entanglement is like a pair of gloves disregard of how far the distance between them. Because a particle cannot locate at two positions or possess two different magnitudes of energy at the same time, (otherwise, the particle will split or move with different speed simultaneously), the particle itself can take only one basis state (e.g. at a point in the interference pattern or in an eigen state of the atom or molecule) any time. Therefore, the idea like wave function collapse, electron cloud and both alive and dead Schrodinger cat are no longer necessary. At last, it is a proof that there is a particular relativistic property of the charged elementary particles in the equal energy process. It will affect the physical and chemical process in the atom and molecule.

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Matter dynamics in a unitary relativistic quantum theory

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In a previous paper, we showed that the Hamilton equations of motion of a quantum particle are obtained as group velocities of the wave packet describing this particle only if the time dependent phase of a particle wave is proportional to the Lagrangian, not to the Hamiltonian as in a solution of the conventional Schrodinger equation. When a Lagrangian of relativistic form is considered, the wave packet of a quantum particle takes a physical form, with a finite spectrum of a cut off velocity (c). Based on a relativistic quantum principle, asserting the invariance of the time dependent phase for an arbitrary change of coordinates, we obtained the relativistic kinematics and dynamics, the electromagnetic field equations, the spin and the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions. When the Lagrangian is considered as a function of the Hamiltonian, we obtain a Schrodinger type equation with an additional term depending on the velocity and the momentum operator. 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We consider a quantum particle as a distribution of conservative matter propagating according to the General Theory of Relativity. We obtain the dynamics of this matter in a gravitational field, the propagation in plane waves perpendicular to geodesic tracks, and equations of conservation. We describe the matter dynamics as a positively defined density and show that, according to the general theory of relativity, such a distribution can be conceive only as of a fragment of matter with a finite mass equal to a mass , as a characteristic of the matter dynamics, – the matter quantization. The group velocities of the Fourier conjugate representations in the coordinate and momentum spaces describe the dynamics of a quantum particle in agreement with the Hamiltonian equations. 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In a constant gravitational field, a quantum particle undertakes a velocity and an acceleration, which, at the boundary of a black hole are null – absorption and evaporation processes at the boundary of a black hole arise only by gravitational perturbations. Generally, a quantum particle is described by a time-space volume, called graviton, with a spin 2, and a distribution of a specific matter in this volume, with a half-integer spin for Fermions and an integer spin for Bosons. A graviton Lagrangian is obtained as a curvature integral on a graviton volume, and a Hamiltonian tensor is obtained for the gravitational coordinates and velocities. In a gravitational field, the time space coordinates are deformed. In such a field, any plane wave remains perpendicular geodesic, while an additional acceleration is possible in the wave plane.

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Photon and charged elementary particles have many commonalities like constant spin, duality, etc. The purpose of this paper is trying to find out why such particles have the commonalities and how to make the commonalities. The first part of this paper is to derive and prove that the photon is consisted of an energy packet and a closely connected circular polarized EM wave with much smaller energy. The energy packet is a thin piece of circular polarized EH field wrapped by a cylindrical side membrane with helical distributed . Double helix structure of field EH in the energy packet plus intrinsic speed c being proved makes almost all the basic properties of photon in the paper. The wave-particle properties in the structure of photon plays a roll together in the process of emission, absorption and interference. Such structure makes the photon to act as both a wave and a particle at the same time, not “exhibit different characters for different phenomenon”. It makes the dispute in the double slit experiment unnecessary. Charged elementary particles produced from a photon in the pair production will be proved in the paper it is split equally point to point from the photon. So the particles possess double helix structure of mass density and charge (or ). The helically distributed charge (or ) carries a circular polarized external E-field to move with the same velocity (a wave really). Of the charged elementary particle and of this E-wave will be proved to satisfy the de Broglie Relation here. It naturally leads to the differential equation of motion of such particles mathematically as same as the Schrodinger equation. Such differential equation of motion for the non-relativistic particles will be proved it is for the circular polarized structure and wave. Difference between helical (or ) and helical makes the charged elementary particles and photon distinguishable or undistinguishable by the magnetic B effect and to obey different statistics, F-D statistics or B-E statistics; and obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle or not. Since the spin direction of the photon and charged elementary particles are decided by the direction of helical structure, anyone of these particles can only possess a definite direction of spin, so the entanglement is like a pair of gloves disregard of how far the distance between them. Because a particle cannot locate at two positions or possess two different magnitudes of energy at the same time, (otherwise, the particle will split or move with different speed simultaneously), the particle itself can take only one basis state (e.g. at a point in the interference pattern or in an eigen state of the atom or molecule) any time. Therefore, the idea like wave function collapse, electron cloud and both alive and dead Schrodinger cat are no longer necessary. At last, it is a proof that there is a particular relativistic property of the charged elementary particles in the equal energy process. It will affect the physical and chemical process in the atom and molecule.
In a previous paper, we showed that the Hamilton equations of motion of a quantum particle are obtained as group velocities of the wave packet describing this particle only if the time dependent phase of a particle wave is proportional to the Lagrangian, not to the Hamiltonian as in a solution of the conventional Schrodinger equation. When a Lagrangian of relativistic form is considered, the wave packet of a quantum particle takes a physical form, with a finite spectrum of a cut off velocity (c). Based on a relativistic quantum principle, asserting the invariance of the time dependent phase for an arbitrary change of coordinates, we obtained the relativistic kinematics and dynamics, the electromagnetic field equations, the spin and the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions. When the Lagrangian is considered as a function of the Hamiltonian, we obtain a Schrodinger type equation with an additional term depending on the velocity and the momentum operator. Based on this equation, we investigate the dynamics of a relativistic quantum particle. In this framework, such a particle is described as a continuous distribution of conservative matter, according to the general theory of relativity. In an electromagnetic field, any time dependent phase variation is modified with a term proportional to a vector potential conjugated to the spatial coordinates and a scalar potential conjugated to time. However, this classical description tells us nothing about the structure of the physical world. Only Quantum Mechanics tells us something about the structure of this world. Namely, that this world is composed of species of identical quantum particles. On one hand, experimentally, it has been found that these particles are of a wavy nature. On the other hand, one could find that the simplest way to define a quantum particle is by a wave packet, with momenta conjugated to coordinates and energy conjugated to time Consider a quantum particle as a wave packet, and find that the group velocities in the coordinate and momentum spaces are in agreement with the Hamilton equations only when the Lagrangian is considered in the time dependent phases, instead of the Hamiltonian in the conventional forms of these waves as solutions of the Schrodinger equation. We define a relativistic quantum principle, and derive a wave equation for a relativistic quantum particle, the relativistic kinematics and dynamics of the particle waves, the Maxwell equations and the Lorentz force of a field interacting with the particle waves, the relativistic transform of such a field, and the spin as a characteristic of the particle waves. We consider a quantum particle as a distribution of conservative matter propagating according to the General Theory of Relativity. We obtain the dynamics of this matter in a gravitational field, the propagation in plane waves perpendicular to geodesic tracks, and equations of conservation. We describe the matter dynamics as a positively defined density and show that, according to the general theory of relativity, such a distribution can be conceive only as of a fragment of matter with a finite mass equal to a mass , as a characteristic of the matter dynamics, – the matter quantization. The group velocities of the Fourier conjugate representations in the coordinate and momentum spaces describe the dynamics of a quantum particle in agreement with the Hamiltonian equations. Under the action of an external (non-gravitational) field, the acceleration of the quantum matter has two components: 1) A component perpendicular to the velocity, given by the relativistic mechanical component of the time dependent phase, and 2) A component given by the additional field terms of this phase. A free quantum particle is described by a non-dispersing wave function , contrary to the solution of the Schrodinger equation. A coherent electromagnetic field, in resonance with a system of active quantum particles in a Fabry-Perot cavity, has a wave vector approximately proportional to the metric elements, as the resonance frequency is approximately constant – a gravitational wave can be detected by the transmission characteristics of an active Fabry-Perot cavity. In a constant gravitational field, a quantum particle undertakes a velocity and an acceleration, which, at the boundary of a black hole are null – absorption and evaporation processes at the boundary of a black hole arise only by gravitational perturbations. Generally, a quantum particle is described by a time-space volume, called graviton, with a spin 2, and a distribution of a specific matter in this volume, with a half-integer spin for Fermions and an integer spin for Bosons. A graviton Lagrangian is obtained as a curvature integral on a graviton volume, and a Hamiltonian tensor is obtained for the gravitational coordinates and velocities. In a gravitational field, the time space coordinates are deformed. In such a field, any plane wave remains perpendicular geodesic, while an additional acceleration is possible in the wave plane.