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Journal of Modern Optics

Suppression of nuclear elastic forward scattering in experiments with trains of ultrashort pulses

Petr M. Anisimov, Yuri V. Rostovtsev, J. Odeurs

Published Oct 25, 2006• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We study nuclear elastic forward scattering of synchrotron radiation. In a simple model, we show that suppression of nuclear excitation by synchrotron radiation as well as nuclear elastic forward scattering are possible due to the formation of nuclear coherent population trapping. We consider a nucleus with ground- and excited-state nuclear momenta , , respectively. We demonstrate that nuclear coherent population trapping can be achieved for random phases of pulses in synchrotron radiation.

DOI
10.1080/09500340600894121

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We study nuclear elastic forward scattering of synchrotron radiation. In a simple model, we show that suppression of nuclear excitation by synchrotron radiation as well as nuclear elastic forward scattering are possible due to the formation of nuclear coherent population trapping. We consider a nucleus with ground- and excited-state nuclear momenta , , respectively. We demonstrate that nuclear coherent population trapping can be achieved for random phases of pulses in synchrotron radiation.
Pulse propagation through a two-resonance medium was investigated in nuclear forward scattering (NFS) of synchrotron radiation (SR). The SR pulse was coherently transmitted through a target system exhibiting two equivalent resonances, the energy separation of which was varied via the Doppler effect. This allowed a continuous change from a single-resonance medium to a two-resonance system with adjustable splitting. For increasing splitting, the observed time evolutions of NFS changed from a dynamical beat (DB) via hybrid forms of beating into a DB-modulated quantum beat. The experimental results were consistently fitted using a dynamical theory for NFS of SR.
We consider the coherent population trapping effect with a train of ultrashort pulses in a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type system with two bound states and a continuum replacing the upper state. Population transfer to the continuum can be totally suppressed provided that the splitting between the bound states is a multiple of the pulse repetition rate. Compared to the traditional case with only two laser fields coupling the bound states to the continuum, CPT with a pulse train allows one to avoid incoherent population losses due to interaction of the fields with ``wrong'' transitions, which results in only partial suppression of ionization. A method of suppression of excited-state absorption of pumping radiation in laser crystals, with pumping in the form of the pulse train, is proposed. As a particular example pumping dynamics of a Ti3+:YAlO3{\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{YAlO}}_{3}Ti3+:YAlO3​ crystal using this technique is numerically analyzed.
Synchrotron pulses will excite low lying nuclear levels, and in crystals, will create nuclear exciton states which are spatially coherent superpositions of the various excited state hyperfine levels of all the nuclei in the crystal. The subsequent radiative decay is radically affected by coherence, exhibiting both a speed-up due to "coherent enhancement", and a quantum beat modulation of the decay rate which gives a periodic speed-up/slow-down of the rate for photon decay into the coherent channels. For a nuclear exciton in an antiferromagnet, the quantum beat modulation will result in an interesting "temporal pendulösung" effect.
The temporal dynamics of stimulated emission is studied, with particular emphasis on stimulated emission induced by x-ray pulses interacting with nuclei. In typical nuclear forward scattering experiments, the short incident x-ray pulse is accompanied by a huge number of off-resonant background photons. This prompts the question of whether stimulated emission can be observed in the delayed nuclear scattering signal which is emitted after the incident pulse has passed. We find that the stimulated photons essentially overlap with the stimulating pulse. To overcome this problem, we identify the reduction of the delayed scattered light intensity as an alternative signature for the stimulated emission. We further study a phase-sensitive variant of stimulated emission in the low-excitation regime, which provides convenient control parameters to facilitate the detection. Finally, we analyze the possibility of observing stimulated emission in nuclei driven by free electron lasers or synchrotron radiation sources.
The possibility to control the coherent decay of resonant excitations in nuclear forward scattering is investigated. By changing abruptly the direction of the nuclear hyperfine magnetic field, the coherent scattering of photons can be manipulated and even completely suppressed via quantum interference effects between the nuclear transition currents. The efficiency of the coherent decay suppression and the dependence of the scattered light polarization on the specific switching parameters is analyzed in detail. Using a sophisticated magnetic switching sequence involving four rotations of the hyperfine magnetic field, two correlated coherent decay pulses with different polarizations can be generated out of one excitation, providing single-photon entanglement in the keV regime. The verification of the generated entanglement by testing a single-particle version of Bell's inequality in an X-ray optics experimental setup is put forward.
The decay rate of 57Fe{}^{57}\mathrm{Fe}57Fe nuclei in an 57FeBO3{}^{57}{\mathrm{FeBO}}_{3}57FeBO3​ crystal excited by 14.4 keV synchrotron radiation pulses was controlled by switching the direction of the crystal magnetization. Abrupt switching some nanoseconds after excitation suppresses the coherent nuclear decay. Switching back at later times restores it, starting with an intense radiation spike. The enhanced delayed reemission is due to the release of the energy stored during the period of suppression. Suppression and restoration originate from drastic changes of the nuclear states and of the interference within the nuclear transitions.