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Optics Letters

Photon-echo-based logical processing

Stefan Kröll, Ulf Elman

Published Nov 1, 1993• 30 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Word-by-word logical AND and OR operation with photon-echo processing is demonstrated for what is to our knowledge the first time. The photon-echo process can store sequences of optical data before processing. The present logical operations on 8- and 4-bit words are performed by using single-shot frequency-chirped photon echoes. Data rates of approximately 1 MHz, input energies of 1-10 nJ/bit, and output energies in the picojouleper-bit range are demonstrated by using a transition with a transition probability of only 20 s(-1).

DOI
10.1364/ol.18.001834

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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Jan 1, 1998•0 citations
Word-by-word logical AND and OR operation with photon-echo processing is demonstrated for what is to our knowledge the first time. The photon-echo process can store sequences of optical data before processing. The present logical operations on 8- and 4-bit words are performed by using single-shot frequency-chirped photon echoes. Data rates of approximately 1 MHz, input energies of 1-10 nJ/bit, and output energies in the picojouleper-bit range are demonstrated by using a transition with a transition probability of only 20 s(-1).
This diploma paper gives a survey of the possibilities to do optical processing and data storage with the photon echo concept, and results from experiments and numerical calculations performed within this area of research.Bitwise logical 'and' operations of two eight-bit words has been performed experimentally.Optical pulse sequences have been reemitted from a sample unchanged, reversed, compressed and expanded, and pulse sequences have been convoluted and correlated with each other experimentally by means of the photon echo process.
Photon echoes have been studied both experimentally and theoretically, with the main part of the work centred around the concept of using photon echoes for all-optical data storage and processing. The four basic Boolean operators, AND, OR, NOT and XOR have been experimentally demonstrated using photon echoes. These constitute a complete set of Boolean operators. Selective erasure of digital data bits stored using photon echoes have been performed experimentally using three different laser systems with increasing frequency stabilities spanning three orders of magnitude, and the demands put on laser phase- and frequency stability using the suggested erasure method, have been studied. The effects of laser phase- and frequency fluctuations on both ordinary stimulated echoes and on coherently added echoes, have been analysed theoretically using the theory of stochastic processes. The resulting bit error rates in digital optical data processing systems due to such fluctuations have been considered. It has been shown possible experimentally to amplify photon echoes using fibre amplifiers, and to regenerate echoes from echoes amplified with this method. The advantages and limitations of this method for regeneration of photon echoes have been studied.
The first analysis to our knowledge of the optical data storage density of photon-echo storage is presented. Mainly considering signal-to-noise ratio performance, we calculate the obtainable storage density for data storage and processing using photon echoes to be approximately 100 times the theoretical limit for conventional optical data storage. This limit is similar to that theoretically calculated for data storage by use of persistent spectral hole burning. For storage times longer than the upper-state lifetime the highest densities can, however, be obtained only if all the excited atoms decay, or are transferred, to a different state than that from which they were originally excited. The analysis is restricted to samples with low optical density, and it also assumes that for every data sequence, writing is performed only once. It is therefore not directly applicable to accumulated photon echoes. A significant feature of photon-echo storage and processing is its speed; e.g., addressing 1 kbyte/(spatialpoint) permits terahertzread and write speeds for transitions with transition probabilities as low as 1000 s(-1).
The techniques which allow the stimulated photon echo to be used for digital addition are proposed. Time encoding is used to represent the input multibit numbers by laser pulse sequences. The on- and off-bits are encoded by the pulse intensities. The implementation of the logical operations AND, OR, XOR, and EQV is fulfilled in one setup. The setup includes an interferometer of the Mach-Zehnder type. To process the different bits in parallel a technique of frequency scanning within specimen inhomogeneous linewidth is invoked. Various adders are considered. An operation of both the half adder and full adder devices is based on cyclic repetition of the procedures SUM and CARRY. A carry-free adder with time data encoding based on the residue arithmetic is also considered.