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Physical Review A

Photon statistics of a dye laser

Joseph A. Abate, Harry J. Kimble, L. Mandeļ

Published Aug 1, 1976• 57 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The fluctuation properties of a cw dye laser, pumped by an argon-ion laser, have been investigated by photon-counting and two-time correlation measurements. The results show significant departures from the usual single-mode laser theory in the region of threshold and below. However, there are indications that the departures may be due to extraneous rather than intrinsic effects, and when these effects are subtracted out, the results are in substantial agreement with the predictions of the usual theory.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.14.788

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Applied Physics Letters•Dec 1, 1980•11 citations
The fluctuation properties of a cw dye laser, pumped by an argon-ion laser, have been investigated by photon-counting and two-time correlation measurements. The results show significant departures from the usual single-mode laser theory in the region of threshold and below. However, there are indications that the departures may be due to extraneous rather than intrinsic effects, and when these effects are subtracted out, the results are in substantial agreement with the predictions of the usual theory.
Measurements of the photon-number fluctuations in a single-mode dye jet laser are compared with solutions of the equations of motion with colored pumping and white spontaneous-emission noise. A search of parameter space for best agreement between theory and experiment shows that the experimental results cannot be well modeled by a theory with white pumping noise, although the correlation time is small, but can be modeled with colored noise. This emphasizes the importance of not treating the pumping fluctuations as δ correlated, even for time-independent quantities.
The relative mean square fluctuations $\frac{〈{(\ensuremath{\Delta}I)}^{2}〉}{{〈I〉}^{2}}$ of the intensity III of a single-mode dye laser have been measured by a photon counting technique, in the region from about threshold to intensities 1000 times below threshold. The results show a steady increase of $\frac{〈{(\ensuremath{\Delta}I)}^{2}〉}{{〈I〉}^{2}}$ from less than 1 to about 150 as 〈I〉〈I〉〈I〉 is reduced, followed by a rapid drop to zero. This behavior appears to be described fairly well by an equation of motion containing both additive spontaneous emission fluctuations and multiplicative pumping fluctuations.
Recent theoretical analyses of the single-mode laser with colored-noise pump fluctuations have allowed the detailed prediction of the short-time behavior of the intensity autocorrelations of such a laser. In particular, a rounding off of the intensity correlation function on the time scale of the correlation time of the pump fluctuations has been predicted. We present results from experiments performed on a single-mode dye-laser system that clearly confirm these predictions. Numerical simulations of the laser Langevin equations including the colored-noise pump fluctuations are used to fit the experimental results.
The probability distribution p(n)p(n)p(n) for the detection of nnn photons emitted by a single-mode dye laser in a short time at various excitations is measured, together with the distribution of time intervals between pairs of detected photons. The first measurement yields the probability density p(I)\mathcal{p}(I)p(I) and the moments of the light intensity III, and the second one the two-time intensity-correlation function. Measurements are also performed at three different wavelengths. p(I)\mathcal{p}(I)p(I) is found to have a two-component structure, and the relative intensity fluctuations $\frac{〈{(\ensuremath{\Delta}I)}^{2}〉}{{〈I〉}^{2}}$ grow, apparently without limit, as the excitation tends to zero, so that no thermal state is reached. A possible explanation in terms of pumping fluctuations is discussed. The correlation function has the form of a sum of three exponential functions, and the amplitudes and decay constants of the three components are derived. The effective decay-time constant exhibits a thirteenth-power-law dependence on frequency of the laser light.