Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Dynamics of spectral hole burning

C. H. Brito Cruz, J. P. Gordon, P. C. Becker, R. L. Fork, Charles V. Shank

Published Feb 1, 1988• 294 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A model calculation is presented that describes the features of spectral-hole burning measurements performed under conditions of femtosecond transient excitation and probing. Pump-induced changes in the spectrum of probe transmittance arise not only from changes in level population (hole burning), but also from the presence of pump polarization during the probe, and from perturbations of the decay of the probe polarization. These latter effects give rise to oscillating differential transmittance spectra when the (shorter) probe pulse arrives prior to the peak of the pump noise. Only when the probe pulse follows the bulk of the pump pulse does the level population effect dominate the spectrum, so that one can observe dynamic hole-burning effects without distortion.>

DOI
10.1109/3.122

Related papers

General theory of temperature-dependent ultrafast transient hole burning

A. A. Villaeys, J. C. Vallet, H. Ma +1 more

In this paper, we report the theoretical treatment of ultrafast time-resolved hole burning. The description is valid for nonoverlapping and overlapping pulses as well. Also the effects of the temperature are included in the theory. The influence of the various contributions to the transient hole-burning spectrum corresponding to the level population, pump polarization coupling, and perturbed free-induction-decay terms is stressed.

Physical Review A•Nov 1, 1992•5 citations

Cooperative Effects on Transient Spectral Hole Burning

X. Li, D. L. Lin, Thomas F. George

The nonlinear optical susceptibility is calculated for a system of two closely located bound excitons by treating the test field as a perturbation in pump-probe experiments. The effect of photon trapping on the spectral hole burning is found to be dramatic in the transient regime for both on-resonance and off-resonance pumping.

Journal of Modern Optics•Sep 1, 1993•0 citations

Coherent dynamics and pump-probe spectra of BCS superconductors

Thomas Papenkort, V. M. Axt, T. Kühn

The density matrix formalism is employed to calculate pump-probe spectra of BCS superconductors in the coherent regime. Two dynamical regimes, one adiabatic and one nonadiabatic, can be clearly distinguished. In the adiabatic regime, the modulus of the BCS order parameter can be identified with half the gap in the probe spectra. In the nonadiabatic regime, the order parameter oscillates in real time, whereas the gap observed in the spectra reflects its temporal average. The transition between these regimes is accompanied by a qualitative change of the intensity dependence of the dynamical gap renormalization. Furthermore, a hole-burning effect occurs if the spectral shape of the pump pulse is sufficiently sharp. A probe pulse preceding the pump pulse leads to spectral oscillations, and both the gap before and after the pump pulse are visible in the probe spectra.

Physical Review B•Dec 21, 2007•111 citations

Theory of transient hole-burning spectrum for molecules in solution

Shuichi Kinoshita

Theory based on a configuration coordinate model is presented to clarify solute–solvent relaxation effect on the line shape of a time-resolved hole-burning spectrum. The time-resolved hole-burning spectrum is affected by both a hole created in a ground-state population and an excess excited-state population. The solute–solvent relaxation causes thermalization in both populations and then the shift and broadening of the spectrum is expected observable. The line shapes of three typical cases are mainly considered: (1) The excited state is assumed to have an infinitely long lifetime; (2) the excited state has a finite lifetime, the population being assumed to relax toward an electronic state other than the ground state, and (3) the population created in the excited state relaxes to the ground state, where a hole-filling effect is taken into account. Results obtained by numerical calculations show that a time evolution of the ground-state hole is clearly observed when the low-energy tail of the absorption band is excited under the condition that the population decay to the other electronic state is very fast. Further, it is predicted that the hole-filling effect causes a considerable deformation of the spectral shape when the solvent relaxation rate is comparable to the excited-state population decay rate.

The Journal of Chemical Physics•Nov 1, 1989•60 citations

Sub-relaxation and sub-dephasing dynamics of light-induced polarization in semiconductors.

B. Fluegel

Using laser pulses of duration comparable to semiconductor relaxation and dephasing times, the coherent phenomena common to two-level systems have been demonstrated in II-VI and III-V semiconductors. These light-matter interactions are characterized by electrons and holes in their initially excited states and/or a macroscopic polarization that persists after the excitation. A nonthermal carrier distribution was observed in bulk CdSe, demonstrating the extremely fast energy relaxation possible when carrier-LO-phonon scattering is included. Quantum-confined CdSe microcrystallites were then employed to limit the available decay avenues. The one and two-pair transitions were characterized, and using spectral hole-burning, energy relaxation was shown to be substantially slower than in bulk. Dipole dephasing remained very rapid. Persistent macroscopic polarization was demonstrated in semiconductors through pump and probe experiments conducted on time scales faster than the inverse linewidth of the exciton. In the first set of experiments, it was found that the exciton optical Stark shift deviates from that predicted by a steady-state theory. The shift is smaller than expected and lasts longer than the pump pulse. Both effects are explained by free evolution of the exciton's polarization. Transient exciton bleaching is observed and shown to be a result of adiabatic following. In a second study of coherent polarization, spectral oscillations at negative delay times were studied. Oscillations were measured in a wide variety of semiconductors, temporally preceding several different pump-probe phenomena. By comparison with a semiclassical theory, it was shown that spectral oscillations in the spectral region of the exciton are evidence of persistent exciton polarization. Oscillations in the band are due to four wave mixing of the pump and probe beams.

•Jan 1, 1992•0 citations

Transient-absorption phases with strong probe and pump pulses

Becquet, V., Cavaletto, S.

The quantum dynamics of a system of Rb atoms, modeled by a V-type three-level system interacting with intense probe and pump pulses, are studied. The time-delay-dependent transient-absorption spectrum of an intense probe pulse is thus predicted, when this is preceded or followed by a strong pump pulse. Numerical results are interpreted in terms of an analytical model, which allows us to quantify the oscillating features of the resulting transient-absorption spectra in terms of the atomic populations and phases generated by the intense pulses. Strong-field-induced phases and their influence on the resulting transient-absorption spectra are thereby investigated for different values of pump and probe intensities and frequencies, focusing on the atomic properties which are encoded in the absorption line shapes for positive and negative time delays.

•Jan 8, 2018•3 citations
A model calculation is presented that describes the features of spectral-hole burning measurements performed under conditions of femtosecond transient excitation and probing. Pump-induced changes in the spectrum of probe transmittance arise not only from changes in level population (hole burning), but also from the presence of pump polarization during the probe, and from perturbations of the decay of the probe polarization. These latter effects give rise to oscillating differential transmittance spectra when the (shorter) probe pulse arrives prior to the peak of the pump noise. Only when the probe pulse follows the bulk of the pump pulse does the level population effect dominate the spectrum, so that one can observe dynamic hole-burning effects without distortion.>
The density matrix formalism is employed to calculate pump-probe spectra of BCS superconductors in the coherent regime. Two dynamical regimes, one adiabatic and one nonadiabatic, can be clearly distinguished. In the adiabatic regime, the modulus of the BCS order parameter can be identified with half the gap in the probe spectra. In the nonadiabatic regime, the order parameter oscillates in real time, whereas the gap observed in the spectra reflects its temporal average. The transition between these regimes is accompanied by a qualitative change of the intensity dependence of the dynamical gap renormalization. Furthermore, a hole-burning effect occurs if the spectral shape of the pump pulse is sufficiently sharp. A probe pulse preceding the pump pulse leads to spectral oscillations, and both the gap before and after the pump pulse are visible in the probe spectra.
Theory based on a configuration coordinate model is presented to clarify solute–solvent relaxation effect on the line shape of a time-resolved hole-burning spectrum. The time-resolved hole-burning spectrum is affected by both a hole created in a ground-state population and an excess excited-state population. The solute–solvent relaxation causes thermalization in both populations and then the shift and broadening of the spectrum is expected observable. The line shapes of three typical cases are mainly considered: (1) The excited state is assumed to have an infinitely long lifetime; (2) the excited state has a finite lifetime, the population being assumed to relax toward an electronic state other than the ground state, and (3) the population created in the excited state relaxes to the ground state, where a hole-filling effect is taken into account. Results obtained by numerical calculations show that a time evolution of the ground-state hole is clearly observed when the low-energy tail of the absorption band is excited under the condition that the population decay to the other electronic state is very fast. Further, it is predicted that the hole-filling effect causes a considerable deformation of the spectral shape when the solvent relaxation rate is comparable to the excited-state population decay rate.
Using laser pulses of duration comparable to semiconductor relaxation and dephasing times, the coherent phenomena common to two-level systems have been demonstrated in II-VI and III-V semiconductors. These light-matter interactions are characterized by electrons and holes in their initially excited states and/or a macroscopic polarization that persists after the excitation. A nonthermal carrier distribution was observed in bulk CdSe, demonstrating the extremely fast energy relaxation possible when carrier-LO-phonon scattering is included. Quantum-confined CdSe microcrystallites were then employed to limit the available decay avenues. The one and two-pair transitions were characterized, and using spectral hole-burning, energy relaxation was shown to be substantially slower than in bulk. Dipole dephasing remained very rapid. Persistent macroscopic polarization was demonstrated in semiconductors through pump and probe experiments conducted on time scales faster than the inverse linewidth of the exciton. In the first set of experiments, it was found that the exciton optical Stark shift deviates from that predicted by a steady-state theory. The shift is smaller than expected and lasts longer than the pump pulse. Both effects are explained by free evolution of the exciton's polarization. Transient exciton bleaching is observed and shown to be a result of adiabatic following. In a second study of coherent polarization, spectral oscillations at negative delay times were studied. Oscillations were measured in a wide variety of semiconductors, temporally preceding several different pump-probe phenomena. By comparison with a semiclassical theory, it was shown that spectral oscillations in the spectral region of the exciton are evidence of persistent exciton polarization. Oscillations in the band are due to four wave mixing of the pump and probe beams.
The quantum dynamics of a system of Rb atoms, modeled by a V-type three-level system interacting with intense probe and pump pulses, are studied. The time-delay-dependent transient-absorption spectrum of an intense probe pulse is thus predicted, when this is preceded or followed by a strong pump pulse. Numerical results are interpreted in terms of an analytical model, which allows us to quantify the oscillating features of the resulting transient-absorption spectra in terms of the atomic populations and phases generated by the intense pulses. Strong-field-induced phases and their influence on the resulting transient-absorption spectra are thereby investigated for different values of pump and probe intensities and frequencies, focusing on the atomic properties which are encoded in the absorption line shapes for positive and negative time delays.